added unfinished wago750_455 ethercat-hal device

* Add timeout to Modbus TCP connection

* Remove machine new trait from Machine trait

Machines should not need to know, how they where created.
Only in the machine registry do we assume we know the constructor.

* Initialize very basic WAGO machine

* Most basic WAGO power page

* Basic machine now known its namespace

* Display values from namespace

* Read live values from wago power supply

* Allow turning power on and off

* Allow setting mode

* Actually set registers correctly

* Show error if mutation fails

* Turn power on/off in UI

* Formatting

* Use actual serial number from device

* Fix loop logic

* Enable dhcp and dns server on lan interface

* Loop until modbus device has been found

* Format

* Fix time series creation

* Convert asserts into Err values

This is to make sure that the device cannot panic our backend.

---------

Co-authored-by: nixos-install.sh <nixos-install.sh@localhost>
Co-authored-by: Robin Krämer <93094049+kraemr@users.noreply.github.com>

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+This is a machine control software project.
+
+## Repository structure
+
+### Frontend
+
+`/electron`: Frontend code for the control software built with React and Electron.
+
+### Backend
+
+`/server`: Implements machine setup & loop. Exposes a REST & Socket.io API for the electron frontend.
+`/ethercat-hal`: Hardware abstraction layer for Beckhoff (and possibly other EtherCat) devices and protocols.
+`/ethercat-hal-derive`: Macros for ethercat-hal
+`/control-core`: Generic logic for the server.
+
+### HMI Panel Operating System
+
+`/nixos`: Custom Linux with realtime kernel & preconfigured for touchscreens.
+
+### Other
+
+/docs: Documentation for the project.
+
+## Key Guidelines
+
+1. Follow Rust & Typescript best practices and idiomatic patterns
+2. Maintain existing code structure and organization
+3. Write unit tests for new functionality where applicable.
+4. Document public APIs and complex logic in code. Suggest changes to the `docs/` folder when appropriate

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
-# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
-# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
-# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
-# https://docs.github.com/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
-
 version: 2
 updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: "npm" # See documentation for possible values
-    directory: "/electron" # Location of package manifests
+  - package-ecosystem: "npm"
+    directory: "/electron"
     schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
+      interval: "monthly"
+    ignore:
+    - dependency-name: "*"
+      update-types:
+        - "version-update:semver-minor"
 
-  - package-ecosystem: "cargo" # See documentation for possible values
-    directory: "/" # Location of package manifests
+  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+    directory: "/"
     schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
+      interval: "monthly"
+    ignore:
+      - dependency-name: "*"
+        update-types:
+          - "version-update:semver-minor"

.github/workflows/electron.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+name: Electron
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: electron
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - &checkout
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - &setup-node
+        name: Setup Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: "npm"
+          cache-dependency-path: |
+            electron/package-lock.json
+
+      - &install
+        name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Compile
+        run: tsc
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: npm run build
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      - *install
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: npm run test
+
+  format:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      - *install
+
+      - name: Format
+        run: npm run format
+
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-node
+      - *install
+
+      - name: Lint
+        run: npm run lint

.github/workflows/nix.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+name: Nix CI
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+
+env:
+  NIX_PATH: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-25.05
+
+jobs:
+  electron:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - &checkout
+        name: Check out repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - &nix-install
+        uses: nixbuild/nix-quick-install-action@v34
+        with:
+          nix_conf: |
+            keep-env-derivations = true
+            keep-outputs = true
+
+      - uses: nix-community/cache-nix-action@v6
+        with:
+          primary-key: nix-electron-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('**/*.nix', '**/flake.lock', './electron/package-lock.json') }}
+          restore-prefixes-first-match: nix-${{ runner.os }}-
+          purge: true
+          purge-prefixes: nix-electron-${{ runner.os }}-
+
+      - name: Build Electron in Nix
+        run: nix build ".#packages.x86_64-linux.electron"
+
+  rust:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *nix-install
+
+      - uses: nix-community/cache-nix-action@v6
+        with:
+          primary-key: nix-server-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('**/*.nix', '**/flake.lock', './Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-prefixes-first-match: nix-${{ runner.os }}-
+          purge: true
+          purge-prefixes: nix-server-${{ runner.os }}-
+
+      - name: Build Server in Nix
+        run: nix build ".#packages.x86_64-linux.server"
+
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [electron, rust]
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *nix-install
+
+      - name: Use both Electron and Server Nix Store
+        uses: nix-community/cache-nix-action@v6
+        with:
+          primary-key: nix-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('**/*.nix', '**/flake.lock', './Cargo.lock', './electron/package-lock.json') }}
+
+          # if no hit on the primary key, merge individual caches
+          restore-prefixes-all-matches: |
+            nix-electron-${{ runner.os }}-
+            nix-server-${{ runner.os }}-
+
+      - name: Build Flake and System Configuration
+        run: nix build ".#nixosConfigurations.nixos.config.system.build.toplevel" --impure
+
+  format:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *nix-install
+
+      - name: Format
+        run: nix run 'nixpkgs#nixfmt-classic' $(find . nixos -name '*.nix')
+
+  check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *nix-install
+
+      - name: Build Flake and Configuration.nix
+        run: nix flake check "." --impure

.github/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ name: Rust
 on:
   push:
     branches:
-      - "**"
+      - master
   pull_request:
-    branches: "*"
+    branches:
+      - master
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
@@ -16,10 +17,24 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Set Rust version
-        run: rustup override set ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - name: Cache Rust dependencies
+      - &udev-install
+        name: Install libudev development package
+        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev
+
+      - &checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - &setup-rust
+        name: Install Rust toolchain
+        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          profile: minimal
+          override: true
+          components: rustfmt
+
+      - &cargo-cache
+        name: Cache Rust dependencies
         uses: actions/cache@v3
         with:
           path: |
@@ -33,7 +48,40 @@ jobs:
             ${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}-cargo-
 
       - name: Build
+        env:
+          RUSTFLAGS: "-D warnings"
         run: cargo build --verbose
 
+  format:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-rust
+
+      - name: Format
+        run: cargo fmt --check --verbose
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *udev-install
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-rust
+      - *cargo-cache
+
       - name: Run tests
         run: cargo test --verbose
+
+  mock:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - *udev-install
+      - *checkout
+      - *setup-rust
+      - *cargo-cache
+
+      - name: Mock Machine
+        run: cargo build --features "development-build,mock-machine"

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 target/
 dist/
 .DS_Store
-Cargo.lock
+Cargo.lock
+dhat-heap.json
+build.sh
+shell.nix
+node_modules/
+runtime_metrics.csv
+compile_metrics.csv

.mailmap

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Canonical identities on the left, aliases on the right.
+# Format options:
+#   Canon Name <canon@example.com> <alias@example.com>
+#   Canon Name <canon@example.com> Alias Name <alias@example.com>
+
+# Icedsoda -> Philipp
+Philipp <29167146+1cedsoda@users.noreply.github.com> <29167146+1cedsoda@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# kraemr / Robin Krämer -> Robin
+Robin <93094049+kraemr@users.noreply.github.com> <93094049+kraemr@users.noreply.github.com>
+Robin <93094049+kraemr@users.noreply.github.com> Robin Krämer <93094049+kraemr@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# Oshgnacknak -> Josh
+Josh <osh@oshgnacknak.de> <osh@oshgnacknak.de>
+
+# Milan
+Milan <61654753+MilanVDB@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# dependabot stays as bot
+Dependabot <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# Medformatik / Florian -> Florian
+Florian <dev@fwcr.de> <dev@fwcr.de>
+Florian <dev@fwcr.de> Medformatik <dev@fwcr.de>
+
+# Anatomik5 -> Alisher (merge noreply + gmail under Alisher)
+Alisher <115714693+Anatomik5@users.noreply.github.com> <115714693+Anatomik5@users.noreply.github.com>
+Alisher <115714693+Anatomik5@users.noreply.github.com> Anatomik5 <darmenovalisher@gmail.com>
+Alisher <115714693+Anatomik5@users.noreply.github.com> Darmenov Alisher <115714693+Anatomik5@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# snacj -> Melvin
+Melvin <0xsnacj@proton.me> <0xsnacj@proton.me>
+Melvin <0xsnacj@proton.me> snacj <bbmelvin@gmx.de>
+Melvin <0xsnacj@proton.me> Melvin Spieß <0xsnacj@proton.me>
+
+# Janhegerq -> Jan
+Jan <219994445+Janhegerq@users.noreply.github.com> <219994445+Janhegerq@users.noreply.github.com>
+Jan <219994445+Janhegerq@users.noreply.github.com> <19994445+Janhegerq@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# Christian / TheBest6337 -> christian
+Christian <christian.zschoegner@outlook.de> <christian.zschoegner@outlook.de>
+Christian <christian.zschoegner@outlook.de> TheBest6337 <christian.zschoegner@outlook.de>
+Christian <christian.zschoegner@outlook.de> Christian <80114847+TheBest6337@users.noreply.github.com>
+
+# nixos-install.sh
+nixos-install.sh <nixos-install.sh@localhost> <nixos-install.sh@localhost>
+
+# copilot-swe-agent bot
+Copilot <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com> <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
     "typescript.inlayHints.enumMemberValues.enabled": false,
-     "git.detectSubmodules": true,
-     "git.detectSubmodulesLimit": 10,
+    "git.detectSubmodules": true,
+    "git.detectSubmodulesLimit": 10,
+    "rust-analyzer.check.command": "clippy",
 }

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1 +1,266 @@
-# Unreleased
+# `2.13.0`
+_07.01.2026_
+
+## General
+- [#925](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/925) Switch to Setup when selected machine is disconnected
+- [#937](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/937) Added minimal Support for WAGO 
+- [#945](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/945) Improvements for On-Screen Keyboard usage in Ethercat Setup Page
+- []
+
+## Extruder V3
+- [#930](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/930) Added Extruder V3
+
+## Laser
+- [#924](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/924) Roundness is now displayed as a percentage
+- [#885](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/885) Added Min and Max Diameter
+- [#849](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/849) Added a Warning if Filament is out of Spec
+
+## Aquapath
+- [#976](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/976) Improved Stability
+
+
+# `2.12.0`
+_17.11.2025_
+
+## General
+- [#847](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/847) Improved discovery and initialization 
+- [#859](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/859) Improved update speed
+- [#897](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/897), [#899](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/899), [#852](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/852)  Improved system stability
+- [#817](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/817) Added an update bar
+
+## Laser
+- [#857](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/857) Fixed potential issues with 2 Axis Laser
+
+## Extruder V2
+- [#881](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/881) Extended Temperature PID Configuration
+
+
+# `2.11.0`
+_21.10.2025_
+
+## General 
+- [#829](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/829), [#834](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/834), Improved overall system stability
+
+## Winder V2 
+- [#840](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/840) Added XL Winder option
+- [#827](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/827) Spool can now be run in reverse
+
+## Extruder V2
+- [#826](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/826) Fine grained Temperature-PID configuration now possible
+
+
+# `2.10.0`
+_16.10.2025_
+
+## Winder V2
+- [#776](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/776) Added explanation for padding in winder manual
+- [#804](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/804) Added gearbox conversion
+
+## General 
+- [#717](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/717) Show from option for graphs added
+- [#805](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/805) Graphs run better now
+
+
+
+# `2.9.1`
+_10.10.2025_
+
+## Winder V2
+- [#796](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/796) Winding in adaptive mode, while puller is in reverse mode is now possible
+
+## General
+- [#780](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/780) Updates are faster now
+- [#746](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/746) Improved scrollbar styling for manuals
+
+# `2.9.0`
+_06.10.2025_
+
+## Winder V2
+- [#778](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/778) Increased Winder Traverse Step size limit
+
+## General
+- [#725](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/725) Improved troubleshooting and update page
+- [#625](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/625) Improved stability of Machine-Connections
+
+
+# `2.8.0`
+_30.09.2025_
+
+
+## Laser V1
+- [#741](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/741) Added roundness measurement to two-axis Laser
+
+
+## Winder V2
+- [#745](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/745), [#756](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/756) improved Winder Frontend
+
+## General
+- [#447](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/447) added AquaPath Machine
+
+
+
+
+# `2.7.0`
+
+_17.09.2025_
+
+## Extruder V2
+
+- [#695](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/695) Pressure and Rpm Regulation properly switch again
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- [#727](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/727) Removed estimated diameter
+
+## Laser V1
+
+- [#731](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/731) Added Laser with two-axis measurements
+
+## General
+
+- [#679](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/679),[#677](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/677),[#698](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/698), [#684](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/684),[#706](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/706) Greatly improved overall system latency and stability
+
+- [#720](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/720), [#686](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/686) Improved User Interface
+
+# `2.6.0`
+
+_03.09.2025_
+
+## Extruder V2
+
+- [#658](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/658) Added manual
+- [#639](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/639) Swapped order of screw speed regulation buttons
+
+## Laser V1
+
+- [#642](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/642) Improved stability of laser connection
+
+## General
+
+- [#657](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/657) Time frame for graphs is now remembered
+- [#641](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/641) Removed duplicate scrollbar from manuals
+
+# `2.5.0`
+
+_27.08.2025_
+
+## Extruder V2
+
+- [#595](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/600) Simplified power graphs
+- [#593](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/599) Added identifiers for temperature sensors in temperature graph
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- [#598](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/601) Images now load properly in the manual
+
+## General
+
+- [#540](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/592) Improved readability of the presets
+- [#591](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/626) Significantly improved user interface performance and stability
+
+# `2.4.0`
+
+_14.08.2025_
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- [#550](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/551) Can now reset wound distance while winding
+
+## General
+
+- [#568](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/569),[#572](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/572), [#574](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/587) Improved EtherCAT performance
+- [#588](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/589) Improved frontend performance
+
+# `2.3.0`
+
+_06.08.2025_
+
+## Extruder V2
+
+- [#520](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/523) added warning message incase inverter is overloaded
+- [#501](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/508) raised pressure limit of pressured PID mode for extruder
+- [#519](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/549) added total power consumption monitor and graphs for voltage,current and wattage of the motor
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- [#64](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/504) added winder handbook
+
+## Laser V1
+
+- [#497](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/498) improved diameter visualisation
+
+## General
+
+- [#62](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/514),[#524](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/528) added machine presets to load configurations
+- [#526](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/541) added import and export of presets
+
+# `2.2.0`
+
+_15.07.2025_
+
+## Extruder V2
+
+- [#455](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/458), Greatly improved stability and precision of pressure-based regulation for the motor
+- [#467](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/468), [#448](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/449), [#485](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/486) Improved the Responsiveness for motor control and monitoring
+- [#138](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/495), Added a Warning in case the Pressure sensor is disconnected or incorrectly wired
+- [#169](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/492), Added a Confirmation Dialog when extruder has not reached 90% of target temperature
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- [#471](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/480), Added a live value to track the pulled distance and the option of switching to a different Mode after a given distance.
+
+## General
+
+- [#121](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/121), Use Linux realtime threads for EtherCAT and control loop (PREEMPT_RT)
+- [#138](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/495), Updated Quick Start Guide
+
+# `2.1.0`
+
+_30.06.2025_
+
+## Extruder V2
+
+- Intial Stable Release of **Extruder V2**
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- [#420](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/429), [#401](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/401) Add _Adaptive_ spool speed algorithm, the old algorithm is now called _Minmax_ ans tillavailable.
+- [#427](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/427) Add _Estimated Spool Diameter_ graph
+- [#419](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/419) Fix Issue where traverse won't work at low spool speed
+
+## Laser V1
+
+- Initial Stable Release of **Laser V1**
+
+## HMI Panel
+
+- [#339](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/338) Don't go into sleep Mmde
+- [#410](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/410) Ship with Wireshark
+- [#424](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/424) Updates can be canceled
+
+## General
+
+- [#269](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/269), [#370](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/370) Improved performace of live values
+- [#358](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/358), [#343](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/343), [#324](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/324), [#390](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/390), [#299](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/299) Improved functionality for graphs
+- [#405](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/405) Remove weird color behaviour on tocuhscreens
+- [#369](https://github.com/qitechgmbh/control/pull/369) More failsafe EtherCAT loop
+
+# `2.0.1`
+
+_10.06.2025_
+
+# `2.0.0`
+
+_10.06.2025_
+
+## General
+
+- Initial stable release of QiTech Control.
+
+## Winder V2
+
+- Initial stable release of **Winder V2**
+
+## Features
+
+- Stabilized **Winder V2**

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,4 +1,30 @@
 [workspace]
-members = ["server", "ethercat-hal", "ethercat-hal-derive", "control-core"]
+members = [
+    "server",
+    "ethercat-hal",
+    "ethercat-hal-derive",
+    "control-core",
+    "machines",
+    #"ethercat-eeprom-dump",
+    "control-core-derive",
+    "units",
+    "utils",
+]
 exclude = []
 resolver = "2"
+
+[workspace.lints.clippy]
+# Individual lints (priority 0)
+
+# don't lint poissbilities for let chains because they were introduces after Rust 1.86
+collapsible_if = "allow"
+
+# Lint groups (priority -1)
+correctness = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+suspicious = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+complexity = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+perf = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+style = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+pendantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+nursery = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }

README.md

@@ -2,7 +2,18 @@
 
 # QiTech Control
 
-QiTech Control is an industrial control panel software for the next generation of QiTech recycling machines built on top of Beckhoff Automation hardware.
+QiTech Control is an open-source framework designed to bring modern software paradigms to certified industrial hardware.
+
+It frees developers from proprietary, license-heavy PLC ecosystems and rigid "point-and-click" workflows that are no longer adequate for today's complex automation challenges.
+
+QiTech Control combines the modularity and reliability of standard EtherCAT terminals (e.g., WAGO, Beckhoff) with the power of a modern Rust & React stack.
+
+
+[![](https://img.youtube.com/vi/KI3YeBwfV-s/maxresdefault.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI3YeBwfV-s)
+*Click here to watch a video demo of our software.*
+
+[![](https://img.youtube.com/vi/55egCAkQgyM/maxresdefault.jpg)](https://youtu.be/55egCAkQgyM) 
+*Click here to watch a full explainer Video of our Software.*
 
 # Repo Structure
 
@@ -29,7 +40,7 @@ Other
 
 ## Backend
 
-To interface with Beckhoff and other EtherCAT devices we need an EtherCAY master stoftware. Possibilities are [PySOEM](https://github.com/bnjmnp/pysoem) (Python), [SOEM](https://github.com/OpenEtherCATsociety/SOEM) (C) and [Ethercrab](https://github.com/ethercrab-rs/ethercrab) (Rust). For realtime operation only C and Rust are suitable. We chose Rust because of safety and confidence in the written code.
+To interface with Beckhoff and other EtherCAT devices we need an EtherCAT master software. Possibilities are [PySOEM](https://github.com/bnjmnp/pysoem) (Python), [SOEM](https://github.com/OpenEtherCATsociety/SOEM) (C) and [Ethercrab](https://github.com/ethercrab-rs/ethercrab) (Rust). For realtime operation only C and Rust are suitable. We chose Rust because of safety and confidence in the written code.
 
 [SocketIO](https://socket.io/) was chosen for performant event driven communication from the backend to the server. But we still use REST with [axum](https://docs.rs/axum/latest/axum/) for the communication thet benefits from the request/response model.
 
@@ -41,6 +52,8 @@ We could combine the code of the frontend and backend using [Doxius](https://dio
 
 # Dev Setup
 
+[Developer Documentation](./docs/developer-docs/)
+
 ## Backend
 
 - Rust stable 1.86^ toolchain (install via [rustup](https://rustup.rs/))
@@ -59,10 +72,21 @@ We could combine the code of the frontend and backend using [Doxius](https://dio
 | Machine Type | Version | Release Date | Description                 | Change to Previous Version                             | Vendor ID                  | Machine ID | Implemented | Docs                            |
 | ------------ | ------- | ------------ | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------- | ---------- | ----------- | ------------------------------- |
 | Winder       | V1      | ???          | Winding Filaments & Similar | -                                                      | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 1          | Reserved    | -                               |
-| Winder       | V2      | 2025         | Winding Filaments & Similar | Reengineered Traverse                                  | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 2          | In Progress | [](./docs/machines/winder-1.md) |
+| Winder       | V2      | 2025         | Winding Filaments & Similar | Reengineered Traverse                                  | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 2          | Yes         | [](./docs/machines/winder-1.md) |
 | Extruder     | V1      | ???          | Single Screw Extruder       | -                                                      | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 3          | Reserved    | -                               |
-| Extruder     | V2      | 2025         | Single Screw Extruder       | PT100 Thermometers, Optional Additional Heating Zone 4 | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 4          | Not Yet     |                                 |
-| Waterway     | V1      | 2025         | Filament Water Cooling      | -                                                      | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 5          | Not Yet     |                                 |
+| Extruder     | V2      | 2025         | Single Screw Extruder       | PT100 Thermometers, Optional Additional Heating Zone 4 | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 4          | Yes         |                                 |
+| Waterway     | V1      | 2025         | Filament Water Cooling      | -                                                      | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 5          | In Progress     |                                 |
+| Laser        | V1      | ???          | Diameter Measuring Laser    | -                                                      | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 6          | Yes         |                                 |
+| Mock         | -       | ???          | Mock Machine for Testing    | -                                                      | 1 (Qitech Industries GmbH) | 7          | Yes         | -                               |
+
+# Minimal Hardware Examples
+
+For complete step-by-step tutorials on setting up your first hardware, including wiring diagrams and software configuration, see the [Getting Started Guide](./docs/developer-docs/getting-started.md#minimal-hardware-examples).
+
+Available examples:
+- **LED Control with EL2004** - Digital output control (simplest setup)
+- **Analog Input with EL3021** - Reading analog current measurements
+
 
 # More Docs
 
@@ -87,7 +111,9 @@ We could combine the code of the frontend and backend using [Doxius](https://dio
     - Write Device Identification
 
 - Server
-  - [X] [Threading](./docs/control-loop.md)
+
+  - [x] [Threading](./docs/control-loop.md)
+  - [x] [Logging](./docs/logging.md)
   - [ ] Control Loop Setup
     - Control Loop Thread
       - [ ] realtime

cargo_run_linux.sh

@@ -1,13 +1,33 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-if [ $1 == "release" ]; then
+set -e
+
+FEATURE=""
+
+# Check if "mock-machine" was passed as an argument
+if [[ "$1" == "mock-machine" ]]; then
+    echo "Building Debug Code with mock-machine feature"
+    FEATURE="--features mock-machine"
+fi
+
+if [[ "$1" == "release" ]]; then
     echo "building Release Code"
     cargo build --release
 else
-    echo "building Debug Code"
-    cargo build
+    echo "Building Debug Code"
+    cargo build $FEATURE --features development-build
 fi
-# set cap for server executable
-sudo setcap cap_net_raw=eip ./target/debug/server
+
+# Only setcap if not building with mock-machine
+if [ "$1" != "mock-machine" ]; then
+    echo "Setting capabilities for server executable"
+    sudo setcap 'cap_dac_override,cap_net_raw,cap_sys_nice,cap_ipc_lock=eip' ./target/debug/server
+
+    if compgen -G "/dev/ttyUSB*" > /dev/null; then
+      echo "Setting permissions for serial ports"
+      sudo chown "root:$(groups | cut -f1 -d' ')" /dev/ttyUSB*
+    fi
+fi
+
 # run
 ./target/debug/server

compile_metrics.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+BUILD_DIR="${BUILD_DIR:-target}"
+CSV_FILE="${CSV_FILE:-compile_metrics.csv}"
+DEFAULT_PKG="server"
+
+if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
+  set -- cargo build
+fi
+
+if [ "${1:-}" = "cargo" ] && [ "${2:-}" = "build" ]; then
+  cargo clean
+  BUILD_CMD=(cargo rustc -p "$DEFAULT_PKG")
+  shift 2
+  BUILD_CMD+=("$@")
+  BUILD_CMD+=(-- --emit=llvm-ir -C debuginfo=0)
+else
+  BUILD_CMD=("$@")
+fi
+
+compile_start_ns=$(date +%s%N)
+"${BUILD_CMD[@]}"
+compile_end_ns=$(date +%s%N)
+compile_ms=$(( (compile_end_ns - compile_start_ns) / 1000000 ))
+
+if [ -d "$BUILD_DIR" ]; then
+  llvm_ir_lines=$(
+    find "$BUILD_DIR" -type f -name '*.ll' -print0 \
+      | xargs -0 cat \
+      | wc -l
+  )
+else
+  llvm_ir_lines=0
+fi
+
+bin_path=""
+
+if [ -n "${BINARY_PATH:-}" ] && [ -f "$BINARY_PATH" ]; then
+  bin_path="$BINARY_PATH"
+elif [ -f "./target/release/server" ]; then
+  bin_path="./target/release/server"
+elif [ -f "./target/debug/server" ]; then
+  bin_path="./target/debug/server"
+elif [ -f "./server/target/release/server" ]; then
+  bin_path="./server/target/release/server"
+elif [ -f "./server/target/debug/server" ]; then
+  bin_path="./server/target/debug/server"
+fi
+
+if [ -n "$bin_path" ]; then
+  binary_size_bytes=$(stat -c '%s' "$bin_path")
+else
+  binary_size_bytes=0
+fi
+
+finished_timestamp_ms=$(($(date +%s%N) / 1000000))
+finished_datetime=$(date -Iseconds)
+
+if [ ! -f "$CSV_FILE" ]; then
+  echo "datetime,finished_timestamp_ms,compile_ms,llvm_ir_lines,binary_size_bytes" > "$CSV_FILE"
+fi
+
+echo "${finished_datetime},${finished_timestamp_ms},${compile_ms},${llvm_ir_lines},${binary_size_bytes}" \
+  >> "$CSV_FILE"
+
+echo "Metrics recorded in $CSV_FILE"

compile_nix_pkgs.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Nix store uses sqlite ... SO HAHAHAHAHH NO CONCURRENT ACCESS AHAHAHHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAH
+time nix build .#packages.x86_64-linux.server --impure --extra-experimental-features nix-command --extra-experimental-features flakes --out-link /tmp/server-result
+serverstore=$(readlink -f /tmp/server-result) 
+
+time nix build .#packages.x86_64-linux.electron --impure --option sandbox false --extra-experimental-features nix-command --extra-experimental-features flakes --out-link /tmp/electron-result
+electronstore=$(readlink -f /tmp/electron-result)
+
+
+nix copy --to "file:///opt/dev-cache" \
+  $(readlink -f /tmp/server-result) \
+  $(readlink -f /tmp/electron-result) --extra-experimental-features nix-command
+
+nix store sign \
+  --key-file /opt/dev-cache/cache-private-key.pem \
+  --store "file:///opt/dev-cache" \
+  --extra-experimental-features nix-command \
+  "$serverstore" "$electronstore"
+
+
+nix path-info "$serverstore" --extra-experimental-features nix-command --extra-experimental-features flakes
+
+
+# nix verify --store "file:///opt/dev-cache" \
+#   --trusted-public-keys "$(cat /opt/dev-cache/cache-public-key.pem)" --extra-experimental-features nix-command --extra-experimental-features flakes \
+#   "$FIRST_PATH" || echo "Verification failed!" 
+
+
+#time nix build .#packages.x86_64-linux.electron --extra-experimental-features nix-command --extra-experimental-features flakes --out-link /tmp/electron-result
+#electronstore=$(readlink -f /tmp/electron-result)
+
+#nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key cache.key cache.pem --extra-experimental-features nix-command
+#nix store sign --key-file cache.key "$serverstore" --extra-experimental-features nix-command
+#nix path-info --json "$serverstore" --extra-experimental-features nix-command --extra-experimental-features flakes
+#export
+#nix-store --export /nix/store/<hash>-server > nix-cache/server.nar
+#nix-store --export /nix/store/<hash>-electron > nix-cache/electron.nar
+
+# Any http server
+# cd ~/nix-cache
+# python3 -m http.server 8080
+# 

control-core-derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "control_core_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+quote = "1.0"
+syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["full"] }

control-core-derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream as TokenStream2;
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{DeriveInput, Error};
+
+#[proc_macro_derive(BuildEvent)]
+pub fn build_event_derive(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    build_event_derive2(item.into()).unwrap().into()
+}
+
+fn build_event_derive2(item: TokenStream2) -> Result<TokenStream2, Error> {
+    // Parse the input tokens into a syntax tree
+    let ast: DeriveInput = syn::parse2(item)?;
+
+    let ident = &ast.ident;
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = ast.generics.split_for_impl();
+
+    // Generate the BuildEvent impl
+    let expanded = quote! {
+        impl #impl_generics control_core::socketio::event::BuildEvent for #ident #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            #[doc = "Implemented by the BuildEvent derive macro"]
+            fn build(&self) -> control_core::socketio::event::Event<Self> {
+
+                control_core::socketio::event::Event::new(stringify!(#ident), self.clone())
+
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(expanded)
+}
+
+#[proc_macro_derive(Machine)]
+pub fn machine_derive(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    machine_derive2(item.into()).unwrap().into()
+}
+
+fn machine_derive2(item: TokenStream2) -> Result<TokenStream2, Error> {
+    // Parse the input tokens into a syntax tree
+    let ast: DeriveInput = syn::parse2(item)?;
+
+    let ident = &ast.ident;
+
+    let (impl_generics, ty_generics, where_clause) = ast.generics.split_for_impl();
+
+    let expanded = quote! {
+        impl #impl_generics control_core::machines::Machine for #ident #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn get_machine_identification_unique(&self) -> control_core::machines::identification::MachineIdentificationUnique {
+                self.machine_identification_unique.clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl #impl_generics control_core::machines::AnyGetters for #ident #ty_generics #where_clause {
+            fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
+                self
+            }
+
+            fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn std::any::Any {
+                self
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(expanded)
+}

control-core/Cargo.toml

@@ -3,20 +3,43 @@ name = "control_core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
 [dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.98"
-axum = "0.8.3"
-chrono = "0.4.40"
+anyhow = "1.0.100"
+
+axum = "0.8.6"
+
 ethercat_hal = { path = "../ethercat-hal" }
+units = { path = "../units" }
 ethercrab = "0.6"
 interfaces = "0.0.9"
-log = "0.4.27"
 serde = "1.0.219"
-serde_json = "1.0.140"
+serialport = "4.7.3"
 smol = "2.0.2"
-socketioxide = "0.16.2"
-uom = "0.36.0"
+socketioxide = "0.17.2"
 bitvec = { version = "1.0.1", features = ["alloc"] }
-crc = "3.2.1"
+crc = "3.3.0"
+tracing = "0.1.44"
+erased-serde = "0.4.8"
+core_affinity = "0.8.3"
+control_core_derive = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../control-core-derive" }
+tokio = { version = "1.45.1", features = ["sync"], optional = true }
+
+
+[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+libc = "0.2.176"
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 approx = "0.5.1"
+textplots = "0.8"
+tokio = { version = "1.45.1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "time"] }
+
+
+[features]
+default = []
+video-streaming = ["dep:tokio"]
+
+[package.metadata.cargo-machete]
+ignored =  ["axum","bitvec","control_core_derive"]

control-core/src/actors/analog_function_generator.rs

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::analog_output::AnalogOutput;
-use std::{
-    f64::consts::PI,
-    future::Future,
-    pin::Pin,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use uom::si::{angle::radian, f64::Angle, ratio::ratio};
-pub type AnalogFunction = Box<dyn Fn(Duration) -> f64 + Send + Sync>;
-
-/// Can module analog output with a function
-pub struct AnalogFunctionGenerator {
-    output: AnalogOutput,
-    function: AnalogFunction,
-    start_ts: Instant,
-}
-
-impl AnalogFunctionGenerator {
-    pub fn new(output: AnalogOutput, function: AnalogFunction) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            output,
-            function,
-            start_ts: Instant::now(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for AnalogFunctionGenerator {
-    fn act(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let diff = now - self.start_ts;
-            let value = (self.function)(diff);
-            (self.output.write)((value as f32).into()).await;
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn analog_sine(amplitude: f64, normal: f64, period: Duration) -> AnalogFunction {
-    Box::new(move |dt: Duration| {
-        // Convert to seconds as f64 for calculation
-        let dt_secs = dt.as_secs_f64();
-        let period_secs = period.as_secs_f64();
-        let phase_secs = dt_secs % period_secs;
-        let angle = Angle::new::<radian>(2.0 * PI * phase_secs / period_secs);
-        let value = angle.sin().get::<ratio>();
-        value * (amplitude / 2.0) + normal + (amplitude / 2.0)
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn analog_multiply<const N: usize>(functions: [AnalogFunction; N]) -> AnalogFunction {
-    Box::new(move |dt: Duration| functions.iter().fold(1.0, |acc, func| acc * func(dt)))
-}
-
-pub fn analog_sawtooth(amplitude: f64, normal: f64, period: Duration) -> AnalogFunction {
-    Box::new(move |dt: Duration| {
-        let dt_secs = dt.as_secs_f64();
-        let period_secs = period.as_secs_f64();
-        let phase_secs = dt_secs % period_secs;
-        let value = phase_secs / period_secs;
-        value * amplitude + normal
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn analog_square(amplitude: f64, normal: f64, period: Duration) -> AnalogFunction {
-    Box::new(move |dt: Duration| {
-        let dt_secs = dt.as_secs_f64();
-        let period_secs = period.as_secs_f64();
-        let phase_secs = dt_secs % period_secs;
-        let value = if phase_secs < period_secs / 2.0 {
-            1.0
-        } else {
-            -1.0
-        };
-        value * amplitude + normal
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn analog_triangle(amplitude: f64, normal: f64, period: Duration) -> AnalogFunction {
-    Box::new(move |dt: Duration| {
-        let dt_secs = dt.as_secs_f64();
-        let period_secs = period.as_secs_f64();
-        let phase_secs = dt_secs % period_secs;
-        let value = if phase_secs < period_secs / 2.0 {
-            phase_secs / period_secs * 2.0
-        } else {
-            2.0 - phase_secs / period_secs * 2.0
-        };
-        value * amplitude + normal
-    })
-}

control-core/src/actors/analog_input_getter.rs

@@ -1,222 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::analog_input::AnalogInput;
-use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-use uom::si::{
-    electric_current::milliampere,
-    electric_potential::volt,
-    f64::{ElectricCurrent, ElectricPotential},
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum AnalogInputValue {
-    Potential(ElectricPotential),
-    Current(ElectricCurrent),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum AnalogInputRange {
-    Potential {
-        min: ElectricPotential,
-        max: ElectricPotential,
-    },
-    Current {
-        min: ElectricCurrent,
-        max: ElectricCurrent,
-    },
-}
-
-pub enum AnalogInputDevice {
-    EL300x,
-    EL304x,
-    EL305x,
-    EL306x,
-    EL3062_0030,
-}
-
-impl From<AnalogInputDevice> for AnalogInputRange {
-    fn from(device: AnalogInputDevice) -> Self {
-        match device {
-            AnalogInputDevice::EL300x => AnalogInputRange::Potential {
-                min: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(-10.0),
-                max: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(10.0),
-            },
-            AnalogInputDevice::EL304x => AnalogInputRange::Current {
-                min: ElectricCurrent::new::<milliampere>(0.0),
-                max: ElectricCurrent::new::<milliampere>(20.0),
-            },
-            AnalogInputDevice::EL305x => AnalogInputRange::Current {
-                min: ElectricCurrent::new::<milliampere>(4.0),
-                max: ElectricCurrent::new::<milliampere>(20.0),
-            },
-            AnalogInputDevice::EL306x => AnalogInputRange::Potential {
-                min: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(0.0),
-                max: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(10.0),
-            },
-            AnalogInputDevice::EL3062_0030 => AnalogInputRange::Potential {
-                min: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(0.0),
-                max: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(30.0),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Log the state of a analog input
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct AnalogInputGetter {
-    input: AnalogInput,
-    normalized: Option<f32>,
-    pub range: AnalogInputRange,
-}
-
-impl AnalogInputGetter {
-    pub fn new(input: AnalogInput, range: AnalogInputRange) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            input,
-            normalized: None,
-            range,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Value from -1.0 to 1.0
-    pub fn get_normalized(&self) -> Option<f32> {
-        self.normalized
-    }
-
-    fn normalized_to_physical(&self, normalized: f32) -> Option<AnalogInputValue> {
-        // map -1/1 to 0/1
-        let clipped = normalized as f64 / 2.0 + 0.5;
-
-        match self.range {
-            AnalogInputRange::Potential { min, max } => {
-                let value = min + (max - min).abs() * clipped;
-                Some(AnalogInputValue::Potential(value))
-            }
-            AnalogInputRange::Current { min, max } => {
-                let value = min + (max - min).abs() * clipped;
-                Some(AnalogInputValue::Current(value))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_physical(&self) -> Option<AnalogInputValue> {
-        let normalized = match self.get_normalized() {
-            Some(value) => value,
-            None => return None,
-        };
-
-        self.normalized_to_physical(normalized)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for AnalogInputGetter {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let state = (self.input.state)().await;
-            self.normalized = Some(state.input.normalized);
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use core::f64;
-
-    use super::*;
-    use approx::assert_relative_eq;
-    use ethercat_hal::io::analog_input_dummy::AnalogInputDummy;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_analog_input_getter_voltage() {
-        let analog_input_getter = AnalogInputGetter::new(
-            AnalogInputDummy::new().analog_input(),
-            AnalogInputRange::Potential {
-                min: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(-10.0),
-                max: ElectricPotential::new::<volt>(10.0),
-            },
-        );
-
-        // Check that normalized -1.0 is -10V
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(-1.0).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Potential(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<volt>(), -10.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a potential value"),
-        }
-
-        // Check that normalized 0.0 is 0V
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(0.0).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Potential(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<volt>(), 0.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a potential value"),
-        }
-
-        // Check that normalized 0.5 is 5V
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(0.5).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Potential(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<volt>(), 5.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a potential value"),
-        }
-
-        // Check that normalized 1.0 is 10V
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(1.0).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Potential(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<volt>(), 10.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a potential value"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    // 4mA to 20mA
-    fn test_analog_input_getter_current() {
-        let analog_input_getter = AnalogInputGetter::new(
-            AnalogInputDummy::new().analog_input(),
-            AnalogInputRange::Current {
-                min: ElectricCurrent::new::<milliampere>(4.0),
-                max: ElectricCurrent::new::<milliampere>(20.0),
-            },
-        );
-
-        // Check that normalized -1.0 is 4mA
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(-1.0).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Current(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<milliampere>(), 4.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a current value"),
-        }
-
-        // Check that normalized 0.0 is 12mA
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(0.0).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Current(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<milliampere>(), 12.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a current value"),
-        }
-
-        // Check that normalized 0.5 is 16mA
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(0.5).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Current(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<milliampere>(), 16.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a current value"),
-        }
-
-        // Check that normalized 1.0 is 20mA
-        let value = analog_input_getter.normalized_to_physical(1.0).unwrap();
-        match value {
-            AnalogInputValue::Current(v) => {
-                assert_relative_eq!(v.get::<milliampere>(), 20.0, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected a current value"),
-        }
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/digital_input_logger.rs

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::digital_input::DigitalInput;
-use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-
-/// Log the state of a digital input
-pub struct DigitalInputLogger {
-    input: DigitalInput,
-}
-
-impl DigitalInputLogger {
-    pub fn new(input: DigitalInput) -> Self {
-        Self { input }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for DigitalInputLogger {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let state = (self.input.state)().await;
-            println!("DigitalInputLogger: {}", state.input.value);
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/digital_output_blinker.rs

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::digital_output::DigitalOutput;
-use std::{
-    future::Future,
-    pin::Pin,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-/// Set a digital output high and low with a given interval
-pub struct DigitalOutputBlinker {
-    last_toggle: Instant,
-    output: DigitalOutput,
-    interval: Duration,
-    enabled: bool,
-}
-
-impl DigitalOutputBlinker {
-    pub fn new(output: DigitalOutput, interval: Duration) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            last_toggle: Instant::now(),
-            output,
-            interval,
-            enabled: true,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn set_interval(&mut self, interval: Duration) {
-        self.interval = interval;
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_enabled(&mut self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.enabled = enabled;
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for DigitalOutputBlinker {
-    fn act(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            {
-                let state = (self.output.state)().await;
-                if now - self.last_toggle > self.interval {
-                    match state.output.into() {
-                        true => (self.output.write)(false.into()).await,
-                        false => (self.output.write)(true.into()).await,
-                    }
-                    self.last_toggle = now;
-                }
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/digital_output_blinkers.rs

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::digital_output::DigitalOutput;
-use std::{
-    future::Future,
-    pin::Pin,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-/// Set a series of digital outputs high in sequence with a given interval
-pub struct DigitalOutputBlinkers {
-    last_toggle: Instant,
-    outputs: Vec<Option<DigitalOutput>>,
-    index: usize,
-    interval: Duration,
-    enabled: bool,
-    amount: usize,
-}
-
-impl DigitalOutputBlinkers {
-    pub fn new(outputs: Vec<Option<DigitalOutput>>, interval: Duration, amount: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            last_toggle: Instant::now(),
-            outputs,
-            interval,
-            enabled: true,
-            index: 0,
-            amount,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_interval(&mut self, interval: Duration) {
-        self.interval = interval;
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_enabled(&mut self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.enabled = enabled;
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for DigitalOutputBlinkers {
-    fn act(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            if now - self.last_toggle > self.interval {
-                if let Some(output) = &self.outputs[self.index] {
-                    (output.write)(true.into()).await;
-                }
-                let index_end =
-                    (self.index + self.outputs.len() - self.amount) % self.outputs.len();
-                if let Some(output) = &self.outputs[index_end] {
-                    (output.write)(false.into()).await;
-                }
-                self.last_toggle = now;
-                self.index = (self.index + 1) % self.outputs.len();
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/digital_output_setter.rs

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::digital_output::DigitalOutput;
-use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-
-/// Set a digital output high and low with a given interval
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct DigitalOutputSetter {
-    output: DigitalOutput,
-    enabled: bool,
-}
-
-impl DigitalOutputSetter {
-    pub fn new(output: DigitalOutput) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            output,
-            enabled: true,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn set(&mut self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.enabled = enabled;
-    }
-    pub fn get(&self) -> bool {
-        self.enabled
-    }
-    pub fn toggle(&mut self) {
-        self.enabled = !self.enabled;
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for DigitalOutputSetter {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            {
-                (self.output.write)(self.enabled.into()).await;
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/mitsubishi_inverter_rs485.rs

@@ -1,355 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use crate::modbus::{
-    ModbusFunctionCode, ModbusRequest, ModbusResponse, calculate_modbus_rtu_timeout,
-};
-use ethercat_hal::io::serial_interface::{SerialEncoding, SerialInterface};
-use std::{
-    collections::VecDeque,
-    pin::Pin,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum State {
-    /// WaitingForResponse is set after sending a request through the serial_interface
-    WaitingForResponse,
-    /// After Sending a Resuest we need to wait atleast one ethercat cycle
-    /// After one Cycle we check if el6021 status has transmit accepted toggled
-    /// Then we can set state = ReadyToSend
-    WaitingForRequestAccept,
-    /// After Receiving a Response we need to wait atleast one ethercat cycle
-    /// After one Cycle we check if el6021 status has received accepted toggled
-    WaitingForReceiveAccept,
-    /// ReadyToSend is set after receiving the response from the serial_interface
-    ReadyToSend,
-    /// Initial State
-    Uninitialized,
-}
-
-/// Specifies all System environmet Variables
-/// Register addresses are calculated as follows: Register-value 40002 -> address: 40002-40001 -> address:0x1
-enum MitsubishiSystemRegister {
-    /// Register 40002
-    InverterReset,
-    /// Register 40003
-    ParameterClear,
-    /// Register 40004
-    AllParameterClear,
-    /// Register 40006
-    ParamClearNonCommunication,
-    /// Register 40007
-    AllParameterClearNonCommunication,
-    /// Register 40009
-    InverterStatusAndControl,
-    /// Register 40010
-    OperationModeAndSetting,
-    /// Register 40014
-    RunningFrequencyRAM,
-    /// Register 40015
-    RunningFrequencyEEPROM,
-}
-
-impl MitsubishiControlRequests {
-    fn get_system_register(value: MitsubishiSystemRegister) -> u16 {
-        match value {
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::InverterReset => 0x1,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::ParameterClear => 0x2,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::AllParameterClear => 0x3,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::ParamClearNonCommunication => 0x5,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::AllParameterClearNonCommunication => 0x6,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::InverterStatusAndControl => 0x8,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::OperationModeAndSetting => 0x9,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::RunningFrequencyRAM => 0x0d,
-            MitsubishiSystemRegister::RunningFrequencyEEPROM => 0x0e,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<MitsubishiControlRequests> for ModbusRequest {
-    fn from(request: MitsubishiControlRequests) -> Self {
-        match request {
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::WriteRunningFrequency => {
-                let reg: u16 = MitsubishiControlRequests::get_system_register(
-                    MitsubishiSystemRegister::RunningFrequencyRAM,
-                );
-                let reg_bytes = reg.to_be_bytes();
-                ModbusRequest {
-                    slave_id: 1,
-                    function_code: ModbusFunctionCode::PresetHoldingRegister,
-                    data: vec![reg_bytes[0], reg_bytes[1], 0x96, 0x96], // Special value 0x9696
-                }
-            }
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::ReadInverterStatus => {
-                let reg: u16 = MitsubishiControlRequests::get_system_register(
-                    MitsubishiSystemRegister::InverterStatusAndControl,
-                );
-                let reg_bytes = reg.to_be_bytes();
-                ModbusRequest {
-                    slave_id: 1,
-                    function_code: ModbusFunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegister,
-                    data: vec![reg_bytes[0], reg_bytes[1], 0x00, 0x01], // Read 1 register
-                }
-            }
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::StopMotor => {
-                let reg: u16 = MitsubishiControlRequests::get_system_register(
-                    MitsubishiSystemRegister::InverterStatusAndControl,
-                );
-                let reg_bytes = reg.to_be_bytes();
-                ModbusRequest {
-                    slave_id: 1,
-                    function_code: ModbusFunctionCode::PresetHoldingRegister,
-                    data: vec![reg_bytes[0], reg_bytes[1], 0x00, 0x01], // Value 1 to stop
-                }
-            }
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::StartForwardRotation => {
-                let reg: u16 = MitsubishiControlRequests::get_system_register(
-                    MitsubishiSystemRegister::InverterStatusAndControl,
-                );
-                let reg_bytes = reg.to_be_bytes();
-                ModbusRequest {
-                    slave_id: 1,
-                    function_code: ModbusFunctionCode::PresetHoldingRegister,
-                    data: vec![reg_bytes[0], reg_bytes[1], 0, 0b00000010], // Value 2 for forward rotation
-                }
-            }
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::StartReverseRotation => {
-                let reg: u16 = MitsubishiControlRequests::get_system_register(
-                    MitsubishiSystemRegister::InverterStatusAndControl,
-                );
-                let reg_bytes = reg.to_be_bytes();
-                ModbusRequest {
-                    slave_id: 1,
-                    function_code: ModbusFunctionCode::PresetHoldingRegister,
-                    data: vec![reg_bytes[0], reg_bytes[1], 0, 0b00000100], // Value 4 for reverse rotation
-                }
-            }
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::ReadRunningFrequency => {
-                let reg: u16 = MitsubishiControlRequests::get_system_register(
-                    MitsubishiSystemRegister::RunningFrequencyRAM,
-                );
-                let reg_bytes = reg.to_be_bytes();
-                ModbusRequest {
-                    slave_id: 1,
-                    function_code: ModbusFunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegister,
-                    data: vec![reg_bytes[0], reg_bytes[1], 0x00, 0x01], // Read 1 register
-                }
-            }
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::ResetInverter => todo!(),
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::ClearAllParameters => todo!(),
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::ClearNonCommunicationParameter => todo!(),
-            MitsubishiControlRequests::ClearNonCommunicationParameters => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// These Requests Serve as Templates for controling the inverter
-pub enum MitsubishiControlRequests {
-    /// Register 40002, Reset/Restart the Inverter
-    ResetInverter,
-    /// Register 40004, Clear ALL parameters
-    ClearAllParameters,
-    /// Register 40006, Clear a non communication parameter
-    ClearNonCommunicationParameter,
-    /// Register 40007, Clear all Non Communication related Parameters
-    ClearNonCommunicationParameters,
-    /// Register 40009, Read Inverter Status
-    ReadInverterStatus,
-    /// Register 40009, Stops the Motor
-    StopMotor,
-    /// Register 40009, Starts the Motor in Forward Rotation
-    StartForwardRotation,
-    /// Register 40009, Starts the Motor in Reverse Rotation
-    StartReverseRotation,
-    /// Register 40014, Read the current frequency the motor runs at (RAM)
-    ReadRunningFrequency,
-    /// Register 40014, Write the frequency
-    WriteRunningFrequency,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MitsubishiInverterRS485Actor {
-    pub serial_interface: SerialInterface,
-    pub last_ts: Instant,
-    pub last_message_size: usize,
-    pub state: State,
-
-    pub baudrate: Option<u32>,
-    pub encoding: Option<SerialEncoding>,
-
-    pub request_queue: VecDeque<ModbusRequest>,
-    pub response_queue: VecDeque<ModbusResponse>,
-}
-
-impl MitsubishiInverterRS485Actor {
-    pub fn new(serial_interface: SerialInterface) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            serial_interface,
-            last_ts: Instant::now(),
-            state: State::Uninitialized,
-            request_queue: VecDeque::new(),
-            response_queue: VecDeque::new(),
-            last_message_size: 0,
-            baudrate: None,
-            encoding: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// This would get called by the api to add a new request to the inverter
-    pub fn add_request(&mut self, request: ModbusRequest) {
-        self.request_queue.push_front(request);
-    }
-
-    /// This is used by the Api to pop off the Response of our Request
-    pub fn get_response(&mut self) -> Option<ModbusResponse> {
-        if self.response_queue.len() == 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-        self.response_queue.pop_back()
-    }
-
-    /// This is used internally to read the receive buffer of the el6021
-    fn read_modbus_response(&mut self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            if !(self.serial_interface.has_message)().await {
-                //   return;
-            }
-
-            let res: Option<Vec<u8>> = (self.serial_interface.read_message)().await;
-            let raw_response = match res {
-                Some(res) => res,
-                None => {
-                    log::error!("ERROR: No Modbus Response");
-                    return;
-                }
-            };
-            let response: Result<ModbusResponse, _> = ModbusResponse::try_from(raw_response);
-
-            match &response {
-                Ok(result) => {
-                    //self.response_queue.push_front(result.clone());
-                    self.last_message_size = result.clone().data.len() + 4;
-                    // wait one ethercat cycle
-                    self.state = State::ReadyToSend;
-                }
-                Err(_) => log::error!("Error Parsing ModbusResponse!"),
-            };
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// This is used internally to fill the write buffer of the el6021
-    fn send_modbus_request(&mut self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            if self.request_queue.len() == 0 {
-                return;
-            }
-            let request: Vec<u8> = self.request_queue.pop_back().unwrap().into();
-            let res = (self.serial_interface.write_message)(request.clone()).await;
-            match res {
-                Ok(_) => (),
-                Err(_) => log::error!("ERROR: serial_interface.write_message has failed"),
-            }
-            self.state = State::WaitingForRequestAccept;
-            self.last_message_size = request.len();
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-enum RequestType {
-    /// Monitoring, Operation (start,stop etc) command, frequency setting (RAM), less than 12 milliseconds timeout for Response
-    OperationCommand,
-    /// Parameter Read/Write and Frequency (EEPROM), Less than 30 milliseconds timeout for Response
-    ReadWrite,
-    /// Less than 5 seconds timeout for Response
-    ParamClear,
-    /// no Timeout for Response
-    Reset,
-}
-
-impl RequestType {
-    fn timeout_duration(self) -> Duration {
-        match self {
-            RequestType::OperationCommand => Duration::from_millis(12),
-            RequestType::ReadWrite => Duration::from_millis(30),
-            RequestType::ParamClear => Duration::from_millis(5000),
-            RequestType::Reset => Duration::from_millis(0),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-enum MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode {
-    IllegalFunction,
-    IllegalDataAddress,
-    IllegalDataValue,
-    None,
-}
-
-impl From<MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode> for u8 {
-    fn from(value: MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode) -> Self {
-        match value {
-            MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::None => 0,
-            MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::IllegalFunction => 1,
-            MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::IllegalDataAddress => 2,
-            MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::IllegalDataValue => 3,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u8> for MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode {
-    fn from(value: u8) -> Self {
-        match value {
-            1 => MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
-            2 => MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::IllegalDataAddress,
-            3 => MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::IllegalDataValue,
-            _ => MitsubishiModbusExceptionCode::None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for MitsubishiInverterRS485Actor {
-    fn act(&mut self, now_ts: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let elapsed: Duration = now_ts.duration_since(self.last_ts);
-            // State is uninitialized until serial interface init returns true, which takes a few cycles on the el6021
-            if let State::Uninitialized = self.state {
-                let res = (self.serial_interface.initialize)().await;
-                if res == true {
-                    self.state = State::ReadyToSend;
-                    self.baudrate = (self.serial_interface.get_baudrate)().await;
-                    self.encoding = (self.serial_interface.get_serial_encoding)().await;
-                }
-                return;
-            }
-
-            let encoding = match self.encoding {
-                Some(encoding) => encoding,
-                None => return,
-            };
-
-            let baudrate = match self.baudrate {
-                Some(baudrate) => baudrate,
-                None => return,
-            };
-
-            let timeout = calculate_modbus_rtu_timeout(
-                encoding.total_bits(),
-                RequestType::OperationCommand.timeout_duration(),
-                baudrate,
-                self.last_message_size,
-            );
-
-            if elapsed < timeout {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            self.last_ts = now_ts;
-            match self.state {
-                State::WaitingForResponse => self.read_modbus_response().await,
-                State::ReadyToSend => self.send_modbus_request().await,
-                // Wait one cycle
-                State::WaitingForReceiveAccept => self.state = State::ReadyToSend,
-                State::WaitingForRequestAccept => self.state = State::WaitingForResponse,
-                _ => (),
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/mod.rs

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-pub mod analog_function_generator;
-pub mod analog_input_getter;
-pub mod digital_input_logger;
-pub mod digital_output_blinker;
-pub mod digital_output_blinkers;
-pub mod digital_output_setter;
-pub mod mitsubishi_inverter_rs485;
-pub mod stepper_driver_el70x1;
-pub mod stepper_driver_max_speed;
-pub mod stepper_driver_pulse_train;
-pub mod temperature_input_logger;
-
-use std::{pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-
-pub trait Actor: Send + Sync {
-    fn act(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>>;
-}

control-core/src/actors/stepper_driver_el70x1/el70xx_velocity_converter.rs

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use ethercat_hal::shared_config::el70x1::EL70x1SpeedRange;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct EL70x1VelocityCalculator {
-    max_steps_per_seconds: u16,
-}
-
-const MAX_VELOCITY: i16 = 10_000; // 100% of max speed
-
-impl EL70x1VelocityCalculator {
-    pub fn new(speed_range: &EL70x1SpeedRange) -> Self {
-        let speed_range_value = match speed_range {
-            EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps1000 => 1000,
-            EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps2000 => 2000,
-            EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps4000 => 4000,
-            EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps8000 => 8000,
-            EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps16000 => 16000,
-            EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps32000 => 32000,
-        };
-        Self {
-            max_steps_per_seconds: speed_range_value,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convert steps per second to the i16 velocity value used by the EL7031
-    pub fn steps_to_velocity(&self, steps_per_second: i32) -> i16 {
-        // Calculate the velocity value (10000 = 100% of max speed)
-        let velocity_f64 =
-            (steps_per_second as f64 / self.max_steps_per_seconds as f64) * MAX_VELOCITY as f64;
-
-        // Clamp to i16 range to be safe
-        velocity_f64.round() as i16
-    }
-
-    /// Convert i16 velocity value back to steps per second
-    pub fn velocity_to_steps(&self, velocity: i16) -> i16 {
-        // Calculate steps per second from velocity value
-        let steps_per_second =
-            (velocity as f64 / MAX_VELOCITY as f64) * self.max_steps_per_seconds as f64;
-
-        steps_per_second.round() as i16
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_steps_to_velocity_conversion() {
-        let calc = EL70x1VelocityCalculator::new(&EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps4000); // 4000 steps/s
-
-        // 0 sps = 0% velocity
-        assert_eq!(calc.steps_to_velocity(0), 0);
-        // 1000 sps = 25% velocity = 2500
-        let v1 = calc.steps_to_velocity(1000);
-        assert!((v1 - 2500i16).abs() <= 1, "Expected 2500±1, got {}", v1);
-        // 2000 sps = 50% velocity = 5000
-        let v2 = calc.steps_to_velocity(2000);
-        assert!((v2 - 5000i16).abs() <= 1, "Expected 5000±1, got {}", v2);
-        // 3000 sps = 75% velocity = 7500
-        let v3 = calc.steps_to_velocity(3000);
-        assert!((v3 - 7500i16).abs() <= 1, "Expected 7500±1, got {}", v3);
-        // 4000 sps = 100% velocity = 10000
-        let v4 = calc.steps_to_velocity(4000);
-        assert!((v4 - 10000i16).abs() <= 1, "Expected 10000±1, got {}", v4);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_velocity_to_steps_conversion() {
-        let calc = EL70x1VelocityCalculator::new(&EL70x1SpeedRange::Steps4000); // 4000 steps/s
-
-        // 0% velocity = 0i16 = 0 sps
-        assert_eq!(calc.velocity_to_steps(0), 0);
-        // 25% velocity = 2500i16 = 1000 sps
-        let s1 = calc.velocity_to_steps(2500);
-        assert_eq!((s1 - 1000i16).abs(), 0, "Expected 1000±0, got {}", s1);
-        // 50% velocity = 5000i16 = 2000 sps
-        let s2 = calc.velocity_to_steps(5000);
-        assert_eq!((s2 - 2000i16).abs(), 0, "Expected 2000±0, got {}", s2);
-        // 75% velocity = 7500i16 = 3000 sps
-        let s3 = calc.velocity_to_steps(7500);
-        assert_eq!((s3 - 3000i16).abs(), 0, "Expected 3000±0, got {}", s3);
-        // 100% velocity = 10000i16 = 4000 sps
-        let s4 = calc.velocity_to_steps(10000);
-        assert_eq!((s4 - 4000i16).abs(), 0, "Expected 4000±0, got {}", s4);
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/stepper_driver_el70x1/mod.rs

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use core::panic;
-use el70xx_velocity_converter::EL70x1VelocityCalculator;
-use ethercat_hal::{
-    io::stepper_velocity_el70x1::StepperVelocityEL70x1, shared_config::el70x1::EL70x1SpeedRange,
-};
-use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-
-pub mod el70xx_velocity_converter;
-
-/// Set a digital output high and low with a given interval
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct StepperDriverEL70x1 {
-    stepper: StepperVelocityEL70x1,
-    enabled: bool,
-    velocity: i16,
-    pub converter: EL70x1VelocityCalculator,
-}
-
-impl StepperDriverEL70x1 {
-    pub fn new(stepper: StepperVelocityEL70x1, speed_range: &EL70x1SpeedRange) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            stepper,
-            enabled: false,
-            velocity: 0,
-            converter: EL70x1VelocityCalculator::new(speed_range),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the speed in steps per second
-    pub fn set_speed(&mut self, steps_per_second: i32) {
-        self.velocity = self.converter.steps_to_velocity(steps_per_second)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the speed in steps per second
-    pub fn get_speed(&self) -> i32 {
-        self.converter.velocity_to_steps(self.velocity) as i32
-    }
-
-    /// Enable or disable the stepper
-    pub fn set_enabled(&mut self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.enabled = enabled;
-    }
-
-    /// Get the enabled state of the stepper
-    pub fn is_enabled(&self) -> bool {
-        self.enabled
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for StepperDriverEL70x1 {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let state = match (self.stepper.state)().await {
-                Ok(state) => state,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    panic!("Error while reading StepperVelocity {:?}", e);
-                }
-            };
-            let mut output = state.output.clone();
-
-            // set the output
-            output.stm_control.enable = self.enabled;
-            output.stm_velocity.velocity = self.velocity;
-
-            // write the output
-            match (self.stepper.write)(output).await {
-                Ok(_) => {}
-                Err(e) => {
-                    panic!("Error while writing StepperVelocity {:?}", e);
-                }
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/stepper_driver_max_speed.rs

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::digital_output::DigitalOutput;
-use std::{
-    future::Future,
-    pin::Pin,
-    sync::{Arc, RwLock},
-    time::Instant,
-};
-
-/// Set a digital output high and low with a given interval
-pub struct StepperDriverMaxSpeed {
-    pulse: DigitalOutput,
-}
-
-impl StepperDriverMaxSpeed {
-    pub fn new(output: DigitalOutput) -> Self {
-        Self { pulse: output }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for StepperDriverMaxSpeed {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let state = (self.pulse.state)().await;
-            match state.output.into() {
-                true => (self.pulse.write)(false.into()).await,
-                false => (self.pulse.write)(true.into()).await,
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<StepperDriverMaxSpeed> for Arc<RwLock<StepperDriverMaxSpeed>> {
-    fn from(actor: StepperDriverMaxSpeed) -> Self {
-        Arc::new(RwLock::new(actor))
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/stepper_driver_pulse_train/encoder.rs

@@ -1,222 +0,0 @@
-/// Translates the encoder value to a larger space and handle underflow/overflow situations
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Encoder {
-    pub position: i64,
-    pub last_encoder_position: u32,
-}
-
-impl Encoder {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            position: 0,
-            last_encoder_position: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn update(&mut self, counter_value: u32, counter_overflow: bool, counter_underflow: bool) {
-        // Handle overflow case
-        if counter_overflow {
-            // When overflow occurs, the counter wraps from MAX to 0
-            // Calculate how much it moved past MAX
-            let delta = counter_value as i64;
-            // Add the remaining distance from last position to MAX, plus the overflow amount
-            self.position += (u32::MAX - self.last_encoder_position) as i64 + 1 + delta;
-        }
-        // Handle underflow case
-        else if counter_underflow {
-            // When underflow occurs, the counter wraps from 0 to MAX
-            // Calculate how much it moved below 0
-            let delta = (u32::MAX - counter_value) as i64;
-            // Subtract the distance from last position to 0, plus the underflow amount
-            self.position -= self.last_encoder_position as i64 + 1 + delta;
-        }
-        // Normal case - no overflow/underflow
-        else {
-            // Calculate the signed difference between current and last position
-            let delta = counter_value as i64 - self.last_encoder_position as i64;
-            // Update the position
-            self.position += delta;
-        }
-
-        // Update the last encoder position for next time
-        self.last_encoder_position = counter_value;
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    /// Tests that the position tracker correctly handles normal forward movement
-    /// without any overflow conditions.
-    ///
-    /// This test verifies:
-    /// 1. Initial state is zeroed
-    /// 2. Moving forward updates both position and last_encoder_position
-    /// 3. Consecutive forward movements accumulate correctly
-    #[test]
-    fn test_normal_forward_movement() {
-        let mut tracker = Encoder::new();
-
-        // Initial state
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 0);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, 0);
-
-        // Move forward by 100
-        tracker.update(100, false, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 100);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, 100);
-
-        // Move forward by another 50
-        tracker.update(150, false, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 150);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, 150);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that the position tracker correctly handles normal backward movement
-    /// without any underflow conditions.
-    ///
-    /// This test verifies:
-    /// 1. Starting from a non-zero position
-    /// 2. Moving backward updates both position and last_encoder_position
-    /// 3. Consecutive backward movements accumulate correctly
-    #[test]
-    fn test_normal_backward_movement() {
-        let mut tracker = Encoder::new();
-
-        // Start at position 1000
-        tracker.position = 1000;
-        tracker.last_encoder_position = 1000;
-
-        // Move backward by 100
-        tracker.update(900, false, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 900);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, 900);
-
-        // Move backward by another 50
-        tracker.update(850, false, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 850);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, 850);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that the position tracker correctly handles overflow conditions
-    /// where the encoder counter wraps from near its maximum value to a small value.
-    ///
-    /// This test verifies:
-    /// 1. When overflow flag is set, the tracker correctly calculates the true movement
-    /// 2. Position is updated to account for the full distance traveled
-    /// 3. last_encoder_position is updated to the new counter value
-    #[test]
-    fn test_overflow() {
-        let mut tracker = Encoder::new();
-
-        // Set position near the maximum u32 value
-        tracker.position = 100;
-        tracker.last_encoder_position = u32::MAX - 10;
-
-        // Overflow: counter goes from (MAX-10) to 5
-        // This means we moved forward by 10 steps to MAX, then 1 step to overflow,
-        // then 5 more steps to reach the current position
-        tracker.update(5, true, false);
-
-        // Expected: position += (10 + 1 + 5) = position += 16
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 116);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, 5);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that the position tracker correctly handles underflow conditions
-    /// where the encoder counter wraps from near zero to a value near its maximum.
-    ///
-    /// This test verifies:
-    /// 1. When underflow flag is set, the tracker correctly calculates the true movement
-    /// 2. Position is updated to account for the full distance traveled (in negative direction)
-    /// 3. last_encoder_position is updated to the new counter value
-    #[test]
-    fn test_underflow() {
-        let mut tracker = Encoder::new();
-
-        // Set position near zero
-        tracker.position = 100;
-        tracker.last_encoder_position = 10;
-
-        // Underflow: counter goes from 10 to (MAX-5)
-        // This means we moved backward by 10 steps to 0, then 1 step to underflow,
-        // then 5 more steps to reach the current position
-        tracker.update(u32::MAX - 5, false, true);
-
-        // Expected: position -= (10 + 1 + 5) = position -= 16
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 84);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.last_encoder_position, u32::MAX - 5);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that the position tracker maintains correct behavior across
-    /// a sequence of different operations including normal movement,
-    /// overflow, and underflow.
-    ///
-    /// This test verifies:
-    /// 1. The tracker maintains state correctly between operations
-    /// 2. Different types of movements can be handled in sequence
-    /// 3. Position calculations remain accurate throughout various scenarios
-    #[test]
-    fn test_multiple_operations() {
-        let mut tracker = Encoder::new();
-
-        // Normal forward
-        tracker.update(100, false, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 100);
-
-        // Normal backward
-        tracker.update(50, false, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 50);
-
-        // Overflow
-        tracker.last_encoder_position = u32::MAX - 5;
-        tracker.position = 50; // Reset for clarity
-        tracker.update(10, true, false);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 66); // 50 + (5 + 1 + 10)
-
-        // Underflow
-        tracker.last_encoder_position = 5;
-        tracker.position = 100; // Reset for clarity
-        tracker.update(u32::MAX - 10, false, true);
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 84); // 100 - (5 + 1 + 10)
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that the position tracker can handle multiple overflow and underflow
-    /// events, maintaining an accurate position count that exceeds the u32 range.
-    ///
-    /// This test verifies:
-    /// 1. Multiple overflow events accumulate correctly in the i64 position
-    /// 2. Multiple underflow events correctly subtract from the position
-    /// 3. The i64 position field properly extends the range beyond u32 limits
-    #[test]
-    fn test_large_movements() {
-        let mut tracker = Encoder::new();
-
-        // Test tracking beyond u32 limits with multiple overflows
-        for _ in 0..5 {
-            // Simulate overflow: move from (MAX-100) to 100
-            tracker.last_encoder_position = u32::MAX - 100;
-            tracker.update(100, true, false);
-
-            // Each iteration adds (100 + 1 + 100) = 201 to position
-            // We move 100 steps to MAX, 1 step to overflow, and 100 more steps to reach 100
-        }
-
-        // After 5 iterations, position should be 5 * 201 = 1005
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 1005);
-
-        // Test tracking with multiple underflows
-        for _ in 0..3 {
-            // Simulate underflow: move from 100 to (MAX-100)
-            tracker.last_encoder_position = 100;
-            tracker.update(u32::MAX - 100, false, true);
-
-            // Each iteration subtracts (100 + 1 + 100) = 201 from position
-            // We move 100 steps to 0, 1 step to underflow, and 100 more steps to reach MAX-100
-        }
-
-        // Final position: 1005 - (3 * 201) = 1005 - 603 = 402
-        assert_eq!(tracker.position, 402);
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/stepper_driver_pulse_train/mod.rs

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use encoder::Encoder;
-use ethercat_hal::io::pulse_train_output::PulseTrainOutput;
-use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-
-pub mod encoder;
-
-/// Set a digital output high and low with a given interval
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct StepperDriverPulseTrain {
-    pulse: PulseTrainOutput,
-    encoder: Encoder,
-    frequency: i32,
-}
-
-impl<'ptodevice> StepperDriverPulseTrain {
-    pub fn new(output: PulseTrainOutput) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pulse: output,
-            encoder: Encoder::new(),
-            frequency: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ptodevice> Actor for StepperDriverPulseTrain {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let state = (self.pulse.state)().await;
-            let mut output = state.output.clone();
-
-            // sync the counter to the encoder
-            self.encoder.update(
-                state.input.counter_value,
-                state.input.counter_overflow,
-                state.input.counter_underflow,
-            );
-
-            // write frequency
-            output.frequency_value = self.frequency;
-
-            (self.pulse.write)(output).await;
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ptodevice> StepperDriverPulseTrain {
-    pub fn set_frequency(&mut self, frequency: i32) {
-        self.frequency = frequency;
-    }
-}

control-core/src/actors/temperature_input_logger.rs

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-use super::Actor;
-use ethercat_hal::io::temperature_input::TemperatureInput;
-use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, time::Instant};
-
-/// Log the state of a temperature input
-pub struct TemperatureInputLogger {
-    input: TemperatureInput,
-}
-
-impl TemperatureInputLogger {
-    pub fn new(input: TemperatureInput) -> Self {
-        Self { input }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Actor for TemperatureInputLogger {
-    fn act(&mut self, _now: Instant) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + '_>> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let state = (self.input.state)().await;
-            println!("TemperatureInputLogger: {:?}C", state.input.temperature);
-        })
-    }
-}

control-core/src/controllers/clamping_timeagnostic_pid.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ClampingTimeagnosticPidController {
+    // Params
+    /// Proportional gain
+    kp: f64,
+    /// Integral gain
+    ki: f64,
+    /// Derivative gain
+    kd: f64,
+    // State
+    /// Proportional error
+    ep: f64,
+    /// Integral error
+    ei: f64,
+    /// Derivative error
+    ed: f64,
+
+    min_ep: Option<f64>,
+    max_ep: Option<f64>,
+
+    min_ei: Option<f64>,
+    max_ei: Option<f64>,
+
+    min_ed: Option<f64>,
+    max_ed: Option<f64>,
+
+    min_signal: Option<f64>,
+    max_signal: Option<f64>,
+
+    last: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl ClampingTimeagnosticPidController {
+    pub const fn new(
+        kp: f64,
+        ki: f64,
+        kd: f64,
+        min_ep: Option<f64>,
+        max_ep: Option<f64>,
+        min_ei: Option<f64>,
+        max_ei: Option<f64>,
+        min_ed: Option<f64>,
+        max_ed: Option<f64>,
+        min_signal: Option<f64>,
+        max_signal: Option<f64>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kp,
+            ki,
+            kd,
+            ep: 0.0,
+            ei: 0.0,
+            ed: 0.0,
+            last: None,
+            min_ep,
+            max_ep,
+            min_ei,
+            max_ei,
+            min_ed,
+            max_ed,
+            min_signal,
+            max_signal,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn simple_new(kp: f64, ki: f64, kd: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kp,
+            ki,
+            kd,
+            ep: 0.0,
+            ei: 0.0,
+            ed: 0.0,
+            min_ep: None,
+            max_ep: None,
+            min_ei: None,
+            max_ei: None,
+            min_ed: None,
+            max_ed: None,
+            last: None,
+            min_signal: None,
+            max_signal: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_kp(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.kp
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_ki(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.ki
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_kd(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.kd
+    }
+
+    pub const fn configure(&mut self, ki: f64, kp: f64, kd: f64) {
+        self.reset();
+        self.kp = kp;
+        self.ki = ki;
+        self.kd = kd;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn optional_clamp(value: f64, min: Option<f64>, max: Option<f64>) -> f64 {
+        match (min, max) {
+            (Some(min), Some(max)) => value.clamp(min, max),
+            (Some(min), None) => value.max(min),
+            (None, Some(max)) => value.min(max),
+            (None, None) => value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, error: f64, t: Instant) -> f64 {
+        match self.last {
+            // First update
+            None => {
+                // Calculate error
+                let ep = error;
+
+                // Calculate signal
+                let signal = self.kp * ep;
+                let clamped_signal = Self::optional_clamp(signal, self.min_signal, self.max_signal);
+
+                // Set values
+                self.ep = Self::optional_clamp(ep, self.min_ep, self.max_ep);
+                self.ei = 0.0;
+                self.ed = 0.0;
+                self.last = Some(t);
+
+                clamped_signal
+            }
+            // Subsequent updates
+            Some(last) => {
+                // Calculate the time delta in seconds
+                let dt = t.duration_since(last).as_secs_f64();
+
+                // Calculate errors
+                let ep = Self::optional_clamp(error, self.min_ep, self.max_ep);
+
+                let ei = Self::optional_clamp(ep.mul_add(dt, self.ei), self.min_ei, self.max_ei);
+
+                let ed = Self::optional_clamp((ep - self.ep) / dt, self.min_ed, self.max_ed);
+
+                // Make factors timeagnostic
+                let kp = self.kp * dt;
+                let ki = self.ki * dt;
+                let kd = self.kd * dt;
+
+                // Calculate signal
+                let signal = kd.mul_add(ed, kp.mul_add(ep, ki * ei));
+                let clamped_signal = Self::optional_clamp(signal, self.min_signal, self.max_signal);
+
+                // Set values
+                self.ep = ep;
+                self.ei = ei;
+                self.ed = ed;
+                self.last = Some(t);
+
+                clamped_signal
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.ep = 0.0;
+        self.ei = 0.0;
+        self.ed = 0.0;
+        self.last = None;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::controllers::clamping_timeagnostic_pid::ClampingTimeagnosticPidController;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_clamp_with_both_bounds() {
+        let val = 5.0;
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, Some(1.0), Some(4.0));
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 4.0);
+
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, Some(6.0), Some(10.0));
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 6.0);
+
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, Some(2.0), Some(6.0));
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 5.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_clamp_with_only_min() {
+        let val = 3.0;
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, Some(5.0), None);
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 5.0);
+
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, Some(2.0), None);
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 3.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_clamp_with_only_max() {
+        let val = 7.0;
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, None, Some(6.0));
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 6.0);
+
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, None, Some(8.0));
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 7.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_clamp_with_no_bounds() {
+        let val = 42.0;
+        let clamped = ClampingTimeagnosticPidController::optional_clamp(val, None, None);
+        assert_eq!(clamped, 42.0);
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/first_degree_motion/acceleration_speed_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AccelerationSpeedController {
+    /// Maximum deceleration in units per second (positive value)
+    max_acceleration: f64,
+
+    /// Maximum acceleratoin in units per second (negative value)
+    min_acceleration: f64,
+
+    /// Minimum speed limit (None for no limit)
+    min_speed: Option<f64>,
+
+    /// Maximum speed limit (None for no limit)
+    max_speed: Option<f64>,
+
+    /// Calculated speed at the last update
+    last_speed: f64,
+
+    /// Last update time
+    last_t: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl AccelerationSpeedController {
+    pub const fn new(
+        min_speed: Option<f64>,
+        max_speed: Option<f64>,
+        min_acceleration: f64,
+        max_acceleration: f64,
+        initial_speed: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            min_acceleration,
+            max_acceleration,
+            min_speed,
+            max_speed,
+            last_speed: initial_speed,
+            last_t: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new acceleration speed controller with simplified parameters.
+    /// Sets min_acceleration to -max_acceleration for symmetric behavior.
+    /// No speed limits are applied.
+    pub fn new_simple(max_acceleration: f64, initial_speed: f64) -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            None,              // min_speed
+            None,              // max_speed
+            -max_acceleration, // min_acceleration (deceleration)
+            max_acceleration,  // max_acceleration
+            initial_speed,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_speed: f64, t: Instant) -> f64 {
+        // Calculate time delta
+        let dt = match self.last_t {
+            Some(last) => {
+                let duration = t.duration_since(last);
+                duration.as_secs_f64()
+            }
+            None => 0.0, // First update, no acceleration applied
+        };
+
+        // Update the last update time
+        self.last_t = Some(t);
+
+        // Get acceleration
+        let acceleration = if target_speed > self.last_speed {
+            // We are accelerating
+            self.max_acceleration
+        } else if target_speed < self.last_speed {
+            // We are decelerating
+            self.min_acceleration
+        } else {
+            0.0
+        };
+
+        let speed_change = acceleration * dt;
+        let new_speed = self.last_speed + speed_change;
+
+        // Prevent overshooting the target speed
+        let new_speed = if acceleration > 0.0 {
+            // Limit speed when accelerating
+            new_speed.min(target_speed)
+        } else if acceleration < 0.0 {
+            // Limit speed when decelerating
+            new_speed.max(target_speed)
+        } else {
+            new_speed
+        };
+
+        // Apply speed limits
+        let new_speed = self.apply_speed_limits(new_speed);
+
+        self.last_speed = new_speed;
+
+        new_speed
+    }
+
+    pub const fn reset(&mut self, initial_speed: f64) {
+        self.last_speed = initial_speed;
+        self.last_t = None; // Reset the last update time
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_max_acceleration(&mut self, acceleration: f64) {
+        self.max_acceleration = acceleration;
+    }
+
+    const fn apply_speed_limits(&self, speed: f64) -> f64 {
+        let mut limited_speed = speed;
+
+        if let Some(min) = self.min_speed {
+            limited_speed = limited_speed.max(min);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(max) = self.max_speed {
+            limited_speed = limited_speed.min(max);
+        }
+
+        limited_speed
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_min_speed(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.min_speed
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_max_speed(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.max_speed
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_min_speed(&mut self, min_speed: Option<f64>) {
+        self.min_speed = min_speed;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_max_speed(&mut self, max_speed: Option<f64>) {
+        self.max_speed = max_speed;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn set_min_acceleration(&mut self, deceleration: f64) {
+        self.min_acceleration = deceleration;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use approx::assert_relative_eq;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    const EPSILON: f64 = 0.001;
+
+    // Custom function to create a "future" instant for testing
+    fn future_instant(now: Instant, seconds: f64) -> Instant {
+        now + Duration::from_secs_f64(seconds)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_initialization() {
+        let controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 5.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(controller.max_acceleration, 10.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(controller.min_acceleration, -15.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(controller.last_speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert!(controller.last_t.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_first_update() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 5.0);
+        let now = Instant::now();
+
+        let speed = controller.update(5.0, now);
+
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(controller.last_speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_eq!(controller.last_t.unwrap(), now);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_acceleration() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 0.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(0.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        // Use 0.1 seconds as our simulated time difference
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let expected_speed = (10.0 * dt).min(5.0); // Should accelerate by max_acceleration * dt, capped at target
+
+        let actual_speed = controller.update(5.0, t2);
+
+        assert!(actual_speed > 0.0);
+        assert!(actual_speed <= 5.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(actual_speed, expected_speed, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deceleration() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 10.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(10.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        // Use 0.1 seconds as our simulated time difference
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let expected_speed = (10.0 + (-15.0 * dt)).max(5.0); // Should decelerate by max_deceleration * dt, floored at target
+
+        let actual_speed = controller.update(5.0, t2);
+
+        assert!(actual_speed < 10.0);
+        assert!(actual_speed >= 5.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(actual_speed, expected_speed, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_constant_speed() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 7.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(7.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, 0.1);
+
+        let speed = controller.update(7.0, t2);
+
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 7.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_acceleration_limit() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 0.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(0.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let max_possible_change = 10.0 * dt;
+
+        // Target is far away, should be limited by max_acceleration
+        let actual_speed = controller.update(100.0, t2);
+
+        assert_relative_eq!(actual_speed, max_possible_change, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deceleration_limit() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 20.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(20.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let max_possible_change = -15.0 * dt;
+
+        // Target is far away, should be limited by max_deceleration
+        let actual_speed = controller.update(0.0, t2);
+
+        assert_relative_eq!(actual_speed, 20.0 + max_possible_change, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zero_time_delta() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 5.0);
+        let now = Instant::now();
+
+        controller.update(5.0, now); // Initialize last_t
+        // Update again with the same time stamp
+        let speed = controller.update(10.0, now);
+
+        // With zero time delta, speed shouldn't change
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_acceleration_capped_at_target() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 100.0, 3.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(3.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        // With a high acceleration of 100.0 and dt of 0.1,
+        // we could go up by 10.0 units, from 3.0 to 13.0
+        // But target is only 5.0, so we should cap at 5.0
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let speed = controller.update(5.0, t2);
+
+        // Speed should be capped at target_speed (5.0), not 13.0
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deceleration_capped_at_target() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -100.0, 10.0, 8.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(8.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        // With a high deceleration of -100.0 and dt of 0.1,
+        // we could go down by 10.0 units, from 8.0 to -2.0
+        // But target is 5.0, so we should cap at 5.0
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let speed = controller.update(5.0, t2);
+
+        // Speed should be capped at target_speed (5.0), not -2.0
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_exact_acceleration_to_target() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 20.0, 3.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(3.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        // With acceleration of 20.0 and dt of 0.1,
+        // we would go up exactly 2.0 units, from 3.0 to 5.0
+        // Target is 5.0, so we should hit it exactly
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let speed = controller.update(5.0, t2);
+
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_exact_deceleration_to_target() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -30.0, 10.0, 8.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(8.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        // With deceleration of -30.0 and dt of 0.1,
+        // we would go down exactly 3.0 units, from 8.0 to 5.0
+        // Target is 5.0, so we should hit it exactly
+        let dt = 0.1;
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        let speed = controller.update(5.0, t2);
+
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_speed_limits_initialization() {
+        let controller =
+            AccelerationSpeedController::new(Some(-50.0), Some(100.0), -10.0, 20.0, 5.0);
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_min_speed(), Some(-50.0));
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_max_speed(), Some(100.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_max_speed_limit() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, Some(50.0), -10.0, 100.0, 0.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(0.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        let dt = 1.0; // 1 second
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        // Try to reach 80.0, but should be limited to 50.0
+        let speed = controller.update(80.0, t2);
+        assert_eq!(speed, 50.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_min_speed_limit() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(Some(-30.0), None, -100.0, 10.0, 0.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(0.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        let dt = 1.0; // 1 second
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        // Try to reach -50.0, but should be limited to -30.0
+        let speed = controller.update(-50.0, t2);
+        assert_eq!(speed, -30.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_speed_within_limits() {
+        let mut controller =
+            AccelerationSpeedController::new(Some(-50.0), Some(50.0), -20.0, 20.0, 0.0);
+        let t1 = Instant::now();
+        controller.update(0.0, t1); // Initialize last_t
+
+        let dt = 0.5; // 0.5 seconds
+        let t2 = future_instant(t1, dt);
+
+        // Target 10.0, with acceleration 20.0, should reach 10.0 in 0.5s
+        let speed = controller.update(10.0, t2);
+        assert_relative_eq!(speed, 10.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_speed_limit_setters() {
+        let mut controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new(None, None, -15.0, 10.0, 5.0);
+
+        // Initially no limits
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_min_speed(), None);
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_max_speed(), None);
+
+        // Set limits
+        controller.set_min_speed(Some(-100.0));
+        controller.set_max_speed(Some(100.0));
+
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_min_speed(), Some(-100.0));
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_max_speed(), Some(100.0));
+
+        // Remove limits
+        controller.set_min_speed(None);
+        controller.set_max_speed(None);
+
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_min_speed(), None);
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_max_speed(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_simple_constructor() {
+        let controller = AccelerationSpeedController::new_simple(20.0, 5.0);
+
+        // Check that acceleration values are symmetric
+        assert_eq!(controller.min_acceleration, -20.0);
+        assert_eq!(controller.max_acceleration, 20.0);
+        assert_eq!(controller.last_speed, 5.0);
+
+        // Check that speed limits are None
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_min_speed(), None);
+        assert_eq!(controller.get_max_speed(), None);
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/first_degree_motion/angular_acceleration_speed_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use units::{
+    angular_acceleration::radian_per_second_squared,
+    angular_velocity::radian_per_second,
+    f64::{AngularAcceleration, AngularVelocity},
+};
+
+use super::acceleration_speed_controller::AccelerationSpeedController;
+
+/// [`LinearAngularAccelerationController`] wraps [`LinearAccelerationController`]
+/// to handle angular velocities and accelerations.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AngularAccelerationSpeedController {
+    pub controller: AccelerationSpeedController,
+}
+
+impl AngularAccelerationSpeedController {
+    pub fn new(
+        min_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+        max_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+        min_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        max_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        initial_speed: AngularVelocity,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: AccelerationSpeedController::new(
+                min_speed.map(|s| s.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+                max_speed.map(|s| s.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+                min_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+                max_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+                initial_speed.get::<radian_per_second>(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new angular acceleration speed controller with simplified parameters.
+    /// Sets min_acceleration to -max_acceleration for symmetric behavior.
+    /// No speed limits are applied.
+    pub fn new_simple(
+        max_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        initial_speed: AngularVelocity,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            None,              // min_speed
+            None,              // max_speed
+            -max_acceleration, // min_acceleration (deceleration)
+            max_acceleration,  // max_acceleration
+            initial_speed,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_speed: AngularVelocity, t: Instant) -> AngularVelocity {
+        let target_speed = target_speed.get::<radian_per_second>();
+        let new_speed = self.controller.update(target_speed, t);
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(new_speed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, initial_speed: AngularVelocity) {
+        let initial_speed = initial_speed.get::<radian_per_second>();
+        self.controller.reset(initial_speed);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_max_acceleration(&mut self, acceleration: AngularAcceleration) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_acceleration(acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>());
+    }
+    pub fn set_min_acceleration(&mut self, deceleration: AngularAcceleration) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_acceleration(deceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>());
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_min_speed(&self) -> Option<AngularVelocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_min_speed()
+            .map(AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_max_speed(&self) -> Option<AngularVelocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_max_speed()
+            .map(AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_min_speed(&mut self, min_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_speed(min_speed.map(|s| s.get::<radian_per_second>()));
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_max_speed(&mut self, max_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_speed(max_speed.map(|s| s.get::<radian_per_second>()));
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/first_degree_motion/linear_acceleration_speed_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use units::{
+    acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+    f64::{Acceleration, Velocity},
+    velocity::meter_per_second,
+};
+
+use super::acceleration_speed_controller::AccelerationSpeedController;
+
+/// [`LinearAccelerationController`] wraps [`LinearF64AccelerationController`]
+/// to handle linear velocities and accelerations.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LinearAccelerationLimitingController {
+    pub controller: AccelerationSpeedController,
+}
+
+impl LinearAccelerationLimitingController {
+    pub fn new(
+        min_speed: Option<Velocity>,
+        max_speed: Option<Velocity>,
+        acceleration: Acceleration,
+        deceleration: Acceleration,
+        initial_speed: Velocity,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: AccelerationSpeedController::new(
+                min_speed.map(|s| s.get::<meter_per_second>()),
+                max_speed.map(|s| s.get::<meter_per_second>()),
+                acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+                deceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+                initial_speed.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+    /// Creates a new linear acceleration speed controller with simplified parameters.
+    /// Sets deceleration to -acceleration for symmetric behavior.
+    /// No speed limits are applied.
+    pub fn new_simple(acceleration: Acceleration, initial_speed: Velocity) -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            None,          // min_speed
+            None,          // max_speed
+            acceleration,  // acceleration
+            -acceleration, // deceleration (negative for deceleration)
+            initial_speed,
+        )
+    }
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_speed: Velocity, t: Instant) -> Velocity {
+        let target_speed = target_speed.get::<meter_per_second>();
+        let new_speed = self.controller.update(target_speed, t);
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(new_speed)
+    }
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, initial_speed: Velocity) {
+        let initial_speed = initial_speed.get::<meter_per_second>();
+        self.controller.reset(initial_speed);
+    }
+    pub fn set_acceleration(&mut self, acceleration: Acceleration) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_acceleration(acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>());
+    }
+    pub fn set_deceleration(&mut self, deceleration: Acceleration) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_acceleration(deceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>());
+    }
+    pub fn get_min_speed(&self) -> Option<Velocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_min_speed()
+            .map(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>)
+    }
+    pub fn get_max_speed(&self) -> Option<Velocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_max_speed()
+            .map(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>)
+    }
+    pub fn set_min_speed(&mut self, min_speed: Option<Velocity>) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_speed(min_speed.map(|s| s.get::<meter_per_second>()));
+    }
+    pub fn set_max_speed(&mut self, max_speed: Option<Velocity>) {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_speed(max_speed.map(|s| s.get::<meter_per_second>()));
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/first_degree_motion/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod acceleration_speed_controller;
+pub mod angular_acceleration_speed_controller;
+pub mod linear_acceleration_speed_controller;

control-core/src/controllers/mod.rs

@@ -1 +1,4 @@
+pub mod clamping_timeagnostic_pid;
+pub mod first_degree_motion;
 pub mod pid;
+pub mod second_degree_motion;

control-core/src/controllers/pid.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ pub struct PidController {
     ki: f64,
     /// Derivative gain
     kd: f64,
-
     // State
     /// Proportional error
     ep: f64,
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ pub struct PidController {
 }
 
 impl PidController {
-    pub fn new(kp: f64, ki: f64, kd: f64) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(kp: f64, ki: f64, kd: f64) -> Self {
         Self {
             kp,
             ki,
@@ -34,8 +33,27 @@ impl PidController {
         }
     }
 
+    pub const fn configure(&mut self, ki: f64, kp: f64, kd: f64) {
+        self.reset();
+        self.kp = kp;
+        self.ki = ki;
+        self.kd = kd;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_kp(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.kp
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_ki(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.ki
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_kd(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.kd
+    }
+
     pub fn update(&mut self, error: f64, t: Instant) -> f64 {
-        let signal = match self.last {
+        match self.last {
             // First update
             None => {
                 // Calculate error
@@ -47,6 +65,7 @@ impl PidController {
                 // Set values
                 self.ep = ep;
                 self.ei = 0.0;
+
                 self.ed = 0.0;
                 self.last = Some(t);
 
@@ -59,11 +78,11 @@ impl PidController {
 
                 // Calculate errors
                 let ep = error;
-                let ei = self.ei + ep * dt;
+                let ei = ep.mul_add(dt, self.ei);
                 let ed = (ep - self.ep) / dt;
 
                 // Calculate signal
-                let signal = self.kp * ep + self.ki * ei + self.kd * ed;
+                let signal = self.kd.mul_add(ed, self.kp.mul_add(ep, self.ki * ei));
 
                 // Set values
                 self.ep = ep;
@@ -73,12 +92,10 @@ impl PidController {
 
                 signal
             }
-        };
-
-        signal
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+    pub const fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.ep = 0.0;
         self.ei = 0.0;
         self.ed = 0.0;

control-core/src/controllers/second_degree_motion/angular_acceleration_position_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use units::{
+    angle::radian,
+    angular_acceleration::radian_per_second_squared,
+    angular_velocity::radian_per_second,
+    f64::{Angle, AngularAcceleration, AngularVelocity},
+};
+
+use super::acceleration_position_controller::{
+    AccelerationPositionController, MotionControllerError,
+};
+
+/// Angular Acceleration Position Controller with proper physical units
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AngularAccelerationPositionController {
+    controller: AccelerationPositionController,
+    last_update: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl AngularAccelerationPositionController {
+    /// Create a new angular position controller with acceleration limits
+    pub fn new(
+        min_position: Option<Angle>,
+        max_position: Option<Angle>,
+        min_speed: AngularVelocity,
+        max_speed: AngularVelocity,
+        min_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        max_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: AccelerationPositionController::new(
+                min_speed.get::<radian_per_second>(),                // min_speed
+                max_speed.get::<radian_per_second>(),                // max_speed
+                min_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(), // min_acceleration
+                max_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(), // max_acceleration
+                min_position.map(|angle| angle.get::<radian>()),     // min_position
+                max_position.map(|angle| angle.get::<radian>()),     // max_position
+                1e-6,                                                // position_tolerance
+                1e-6,                                                // speed_tolerance
+            )
+            .expect("Failed to create AccelerationPositionController"),
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new angular position controller with simple symmetric limits
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience constructor that creates symmetric limits:
+    /// - Position limits: [-position, +position] (if position is Some)
+    /// - Speed limits: [-speed, +speed]
+    /// - Acceleration limits: [-acceleration, +acceleration]
+    /// - Default tolerances: 1e-6 for both position and speed
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: position, speed, acceleration)
+    /// - `position`: Optional maximum position magnitude (None for no limits, Some(x) creates [-x, +x])
+    /// - `speed`: Maximum angular velocity magnitude (creates limits [-speed, +speed])
+    /// - `acceleration`: Maximum angular acceleration magnitude (creates limits [-acceleration, +acceleration])
+    pub fn new_simple(
+        position: Option<Angle>,
+        speed: AngularVelocity,
+        acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: AccelerationPositionController::new_simple(
+                position.map(|angle| angle.get::<radian>()),
+                speed.get::<radian_per_second>(),
+                acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+            )
+            .expect("Failed to create AccelerationPositionController"),
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Update the controller with a new target angle
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_angle: Angle, t: Instant) -> Angle {
+        // Calculate dt from the last update
+        let dt = if let Some(last_t) = self.last_update {
+            t.duration_since(last_t).as_secs_f64()
+        } else {
+            0.0 // First update, no time has passed
+        };
+        self.last_update = Some(t);
+
+        // Update controller with raw angle values
+        let result = self
+            .controller
+            .update(target_angle.get::<radian>(), dt)
+            .expect("Failed to update AccelerationPositionController");
+        Angle::new::<radian>(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current angle position
+    pub fn get_position(&self) -> Angle {
+        Angle::new::<radian>(self.controller.get_position())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the target angle
+    pub fn get_target_position(&self) -> Angle {
+        Angle::new::<radian>(self.controller.get_target_position())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the minimum angle position limit
+    pub fn get_min_position(&self) -> Option<Angle> {
+        self.controller.get_min_position().map(Angle::new::<radian>)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum angle position limit
+    pub fn get_max_position(&self) -> Option<Angle> {
+        self.controller.get_max_position().map(Angle::new::<radian>)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum angle position limit
+    pub fn set_min_position(
+        &mut self,
+        min_position: Option<Angle>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_position(min_position.map(|angle| angle.get::<radian>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum angle position limit
+    pub fn set_max_position(
+        &mut self,
+        max_position: Option<Angle>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_position(max_position.map(|angle| angle.get::<radian>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current angular velocity
+    pub fn get_speed(&self) -> AngularVelocity {
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(self.controller.get_speed())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum angular velocity
+    pub fn set_min_speed(
+        &mut self,
+        min_speed: AngularVelocity,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_speed(min_speed.get::<radian_per_second>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum angular velocity
+    pub fn set_max_speed(
+        &mut self,
+        max_speed: AngularVelocity,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_speed(max_speed.get::<radian_per_second>())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current angular acceleration
+    pub fn get_acceleration(&self) -> AngularAcceleration {
+        AngularAcceleration::new::<radian_per_second_squared>(self.controller.get_acceleration())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum angular acceleration
+    pub fn set_min_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        min_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_acceleration(min_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum angular acceleration
+    pub fn set_max_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        max_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_acceleration(max_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Resets the controller to a specific angular position
+    ///
+    /// This method completely reinitializes the controller state, setting:
+    /// - Current angular position to the specified value
+    /// - Target angular position to the specified value (stops any ongoing motion)
+    /// - Current angular velocity to 0
+    /// - Current angular acceleration to 0
+    /// - Motion phase to Idle
+    /// - Clears any motion planning state and timing information
+    ///
+    /// Use this method when you need to teleport the controlled object to a new angular position
+    /// or when recovering from errors/emergency stops.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `position` - The new angular position to reset to
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Returns `Ok(())` on success, or `Err(MotionControllerError)` if the position is outside configured limits.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// - `InvalidPositionLimits`: If the specified position is outside the configured min/max position limits
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use control_core::controllers::second_degree_motion::angular_acceleration_position_controller::AngularAccelerationPositionController;
+    /// use units::f64::Angle;
+    /// use units::angle::degree;
+    ///
+    /// let mut controller = AngularAccelerationPositionController::new_simple(
+    ///     Some(Angle::new::<degree>(180.0)),
+    ///     // ... other parameters
+    /// )?;
+    ///
+    /// // Reset to 45 degrees
+    /// let new_position = Angle::new::<degree>(45.0);
+    /// controller.reset(new_position)?;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, position: Angle) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller.reset(position.get::<radian>())?;
+        self.last_update = None;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/second_degree_motion/angular_jerk_speed_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use units::{
+    angular_acceleration::radian_per_second_squared,
+    angular_jerk::radian_per_second_cubed,
+    angular_velocity::radian_per_second,
+    f64::{AngularAcceleration, AngularJerk, AngularVelocity},
+};
+
+use super::acceleration_position_controller::MotionControllerError;
+use super::jerk_speed_controller::JerkSpeedController;
+
+/// Angular Jerk Speed Controller with proper physical units
+///
+/// This controller provides angular motion control with proper SI units for rotational systems.
+/// It wraps the core JerkSpeedController and provides unit-typed interfaces for angular velocity
+/// (AngularVelocity), angular acceleration (AngularAcceleration), and angular jerk (AngularJerk).
+///
+/// The controller manages smooth rotational speed profiles with configurable limits and tolerances,
+/// ensuring that angular velocity, acceleration, and jerk constraints are respected during motion.
+/// This is particularly useful for motor control, servo systems, and any rotational machinery
+/// requiring smooth speed transitions.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```ignore
+/// use units::{
+///     angular_velocity::revolution_per_minute,
+///     angular_acceleration::revolution_per_minute_per_second,
+///     angular_jerk::revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared,
+///     f64::{AngularVelocity, AngularAcceleration, AngularJerk}
+/// };
+///
+/// let max_speed = AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_minute>(3000.0);
+/// let max_accel = AngularAcceleration::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second>(1000.0);
+/// let max_jerk = AngularJerk::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared>(500.0);
+///
+/// let controller = AngularJerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+///     Some(max_speed),
+///     max_accel,
+///     max_jerk,
+/// );
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AngularJerkSpeedController {
+    controller: JerkSpeedController,
+    last_update: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl AngularJerkSpeedController {
+    /// Create a new angular speed controller with jerk limits
+    ///
+    /// This constructor allows full control over all angular velocity, acceleration, and jerk limits.
+    /// Use this when you need asymmetric limits or fine-grained control over the rotational motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: speed, acceleration, jerk)
+    /// * `min_speed` - Optional minimum allowed angular velocity (None for no limit)
+    /// * `max_speed` - Optional maximum allowed angular velocity (None for no limit)
+    /// * `min_acceleration` - Minimum angular acceleration (typically negative for deceleration)
+    /// * `max_acceleration` - Maximum angular acceleration (typically positive)
+    /// * `min_jerk` - Minimum angular jerk for decreasing acceleration (typically negative)
+    /// * `max_jerk` - Maximum angular jerk for increasing acceleration (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new AngularJerkSpeedController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use units::{
+    ///     angular_velocity::revolution_per_minute,
+    ///     angular_acceleration::revolution_per_minute_per_second,
+    ///     angular_jerk::revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared,
+    ///     f64::{AngularVelocity, AngularAcceleration, AngularJerk}
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with asymmetric limits
+    /// let controller = AngularJerkSpeedController::new(
+    ///     Some(AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_minute>(-1000.0)), // Min: -1000 RPM
+    ///     Some(AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_minute>(3000.0)),  // Max: +3000 RPM
+    ///     AngularAcceleration::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second>(-800.0), // Min accel
+    ///     AngularAcceleration::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second>(1200.0), // Max accel
+    ///     AngularJerk::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared>(-400.0), // Min jerk
+    ///     AngularJerk::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared>(600.0),  // Max jerk
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(
+        min_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+        max_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+        min_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        max_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        min_jerk: AngularJerk,
+        max_jerk: AngularJerk,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: JerkSpeedController::new(
+                min_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+                max_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+                min_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+                max_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+                min_jerk.get::<radian_per_second_cubed>(),
+                max_jerk.get::<radian_per_second_cubed>(),
+            ),
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new simple angular jerk speed controller with symmetric limits
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience constructor that creates symmetric limits around zero for all parameters.
+    /// This is the most common use case and simplifies controller setup for typical rotational applications.
+    ///
+    /// The created limits are:
+    /// - Angular velocity limits: [-speed, +speed] (if speed is Some), no limits if None
+    /// - Angular acceleration limits: [-acceleration, +acceleration]
+    /// - Angular jerk limits: [-jerk, +jerk]
+    /// - Default tolerances: 1e-6 for both position and speed
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: speed, acceleration, jerk)
+    /// * `speed` - Optional maximum angular velocity magnitude (None for no limits, Some(x) creates [-x, +x])
+    /// * `acceleration` - Maximum angular acceleration magnitude (creates limits [-acceleration, +acceleration])
+    /// * `jerk` - Maximum angular jerk magnitude (creates limits [-jerk, +jerk])
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new AngularJerkSpeedController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if acceleration or jerk values are negative or zero
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use units::{
+    ///     angular_velocity::revolution_per_minute,
+    ///     angular_acceleration::revolution_per_minute_per_second,
+    ///     angular_jerk::revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared,
+    ///     f64::{AngularVelocity, AngularAcceleration, AngularJerk}
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with symmetric limits
+    /// let max_speed = AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_minute>(2000.0);
+    /// let max_accel = AngularAcceleration::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second>(1000.0);
+    /// let max_jerk = AngularJerk::new::<revolution_per_minute_per_second_squared>(500.0);
+    ///
+    /// let controller = AngularJerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+    ///     Some(max_speed),  // Angular velocity limits: [-2000, +2000] RPM
+    ///     max_accel,        // Angular acceleration limits: [-1000, +1000] RPM/s
+    ///     max_jerk,         // Angular jerk limits: [-500, +500] RPM/s²
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with no speed limits
+    /// let unlimited_controller = AngularJerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+    ///     None,       // No angular velocity limits
+    ///     max_accel,  // Angular acceleration limits: [-1000, +1000] RPM/s
+    ///     max_jerk,   // Angular jerk limits: [-500, +500] RPM/s²
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new_simple(
+        speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+        acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+        jerk: AngularJerk,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+            speed.map(|s| s.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+            acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+            jerk.get::<radian_per_second_cubed>(),
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            controller,
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Update the controller with a new target angular velocity
+    ///
+    /// Calculates the next angular velocity in the motion profile based on the target and elapsed time.
+    /// The controller automatically manages angular acceleration and jerk to reach the target angular
+    /// velocity while respecting all configured limits.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `target_speed` - The desired target angular velocity
+    /// * `t` - Current timestamp for calculating time delta
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// The current angular velocity after applying the motion profile for this time step
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use std::time::Instant;
+    /// use units::{angular_velocity::revolution_per_minute, f64::AngularVelocity};
+    ///
+    /// let mut controller = AngularJerkSpeedController::new_simple(/* ... */);
+    /// let target = AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_minute>(1500.0);
+    ///
+    /// let current_speed = controller.update(target, Instant::now());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_speed: AngularVelocity, t: Instant) -> AngularVelocity {
+        // Calculate dt from the last update
+        let dt = if let Some(last_t) = self.last_update {
+            t.duration_since(last_t).as_secs_f64()
+        } else {
+            0.0 // First update, no time has passed
+        };
+        self.last_update = Some(t);
+
+        // Convert target to raw value, update controller, and convert result back to AngularVelocity
+        let target_raw = target_speed.get::<radian_per_second>();
+        let speed_raw = self.controller.update(target_raw, dt);
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(speed_raw)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current angular velocity
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current angular velocity in the motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current angular velocity as an AngularVelocity value
+    pub fn get_speed(&self) -> AngularVelocity {
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(self.controller.get_speed())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the target angular velocity
+    ///
+    /// Returns the current target angular velocity that the controller is trying to reach.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Target angular velocity as an AngularVelocity value
+    pub fn get_target_speed(&self) -> AngularVelocity {
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(self.controller.get_target_speed())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the minimum angular velocity limit
+    ///
+    /// Returns the minimum angular velocity constraint, if one is set.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Minimum angular velocity limit as an Option<AngularVelocity>, None if no limit is set
+    pub fn get_min_speed(&self) -> Option<AngularVelocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_min_speed()
+            .map(AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum angular velocity limit
+    ///
+    /// Returns the maximum angular velocity constraint, if one is set.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Maximum angular velocity limit as an Option<AngularVelocity>, None if no limit is set
+    pub fn get_max_speed(&self) -> Option<AngularVelocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_max_speed()
+            .map(AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum angular velocity limit
+    pub fn set_min_speed(
+        &mut self,
+        min_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_speed(min_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<radian_per_second>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum angular velocity limit
+    pub fn set_max_speed(
+        &mut self,
+        max_speed: Option<AngularVelocity>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_speed(max_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<radian_per_second>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current angular acceleration
+    pub fn get_acceleration(&self) -> AngularAcceleration {
+        AngularAcceleration::new::<radian_per_second_squared>(self.controller.get_acceleration())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum angular acceleration
+    pub fn set_min_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        min_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_acceleration(min_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum angular acceleration
+    pub fn set_max_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        max_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_acceleration(max_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current angular jerk
+    pub fn get_jerk(&self) -> AngularJerk {
+        AngularJerk::new::<radian_per_second_cubed>(self.controller.get_jerk())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum angular jerk
+    pub fn set_min_jerk(&mut self, min_jerk: AngularJerk) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_jerk(min_jerk.get::<radian_per_second_cubed>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum angular jerk
+    pub fn set_max_jerk(&mut self, max_jerk: AngularJerk) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_jerk(max_jerk.get::<radian_per_second_cubed>())
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the controller to a new angular velocity and acceleration
+    ///
+    /// This resets all internal state including:
+    /// - Current angular velocity to the provided value
+    /// - Current angular acceleration to 0
+    /// - Current angular jerk to 0
+    /// - Target angular velocity to the current velocity
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// - `velocity`: The new current angular velocity
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, velocity: AngularVelocity) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller.reset(velocity.get::<radian_per_second>())?;
+        self.last_update = None;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/second_degree_motion/jerk_speed_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+use super::acceleration_position_controller::{
+    AccelerationPositionController, MotionControllerError,
+};
+
+/// Controller for speed-based motion with jerk limits.
+///
+/// This controller manages motion profiles where speed is the primary controlled variable,
+/// with constraints on acceleration (rate of change of speed) and jerk (rate of change of acceleration).
+/// It wraps an AccelerationPositionController but remaps the parameters to represent one higher
+/// degree of derivation in the motion hierarchy.
+///
+/// The control hierarchy is:
+/// - **Speed**: The primary controlled variable (analogous to position in position control)
+/// - **Acceleration**: First derivative of speed (analogous to velocity in position control)  
+/// - **Jerk**: Second derivative of speed, rate of change of acceleration (analogous to acceleration in position control)
+///
+/// This controller is particularly useful for applications where you need to control rotational
+/// or linear speed with smooth acceleration profiles, such as motor control, conveyor systems,
+/// or any application requiring smooth speed transitions.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```ignore
+/// // Create a controller for speed control with jerk limiting
+/// let controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+///     Some(100.0),  // Max speed ±100 units/s
+///     50.0,         // Max acceleration ±50 units/s²
+///     25.0,         // Max jerk ±25 units/s³
+/// );
+///
+/// // Update towards target speed
+/// let current_speed = controller.update(80.0, 0.01);  // Target 80 units/s, dt=10ms
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct JerkSpeedController {
+    base_controller: AccelerationPositionController,
+}
+
+impl JerkSpeedController {
+    /// Create a new speed controller with the given constraints
+    ///
+    /// This constructor allows full control over all speed, acceleration, and jerk limits.
+    /// Use this when you need asymmetric limits or fine-grained control over the motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: speed, acceleration, jerk)
+    /// * `min_speed` - Optional minimum allowed speed (None for no limit)
+    /// * `max_speed` - Optional maximum allowed speed (None for no limit)
+    /// * `min_acceleration` - Minimum acceleration (typically negative for deceleration)
+    /// * `max_acceleration` - Maximum acceleration (typically positive)
+    /// * `min_jerk` - Minimum jerk for decreasing acceleration (typically negative)
+    /// * `max_jerk` - Maximum jerk for increasing acceleration (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new JerkSpeedController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the underlying AccelerationPositionController cannot be created with the given parameters
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// // Create controller with asymmetric limits
+    /// let controller = JerkSpeedController::new(
+    ///     Some(-50.0),  // Min speed: -50 units/s
+    ///     Some(100.0),  // Max speed: +100 units/s
+    ///     -30.0,        // Min acceleration: -30 units/s²
+    ///     40.0,         // Max acceleration: +40 units/s²
+    ///     -20.0,        // Min jerk: -20 units/s³
+    ///     25.0,         // Max jerk: +25 units/s³
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(
+        min_speed: Option<f64>,
+        max_speed: Option<f64>,
+        min_acceleration: f64,
+        max_acceleration: f64,
+        min_jerk: f64,
+        max_jerk: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // Create the base controller with renamed parameters
+        let base_controller = AccelerationPositionController::new(
+            min_jerk,         // min_speed in the base controller
+            max_jerk,         // max_speed in the base controller
+            min_acceleration, // min_acceleration in the base controller
+            max_acceleration, // max_acceleration in the base controller
+            min_speed,        // min_position in the base controller
+            max_speed,        // max_position in the base controller
+            1e-6,             // position_tolerance
+            1e-6,             // speed_tolerance
+        )
+        .expect("Failed to create AccelerationPositionController");
+
+        Self { base_controller }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new speed controller with simple symmetric limits
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience constructor that creates symmetric limits around zero for all parameters.
+    /// This is the most common use case and simplifies controller setup for typical applications.
+    ///
+    /// The created limits are:
+    /// - Speed limits: [-speed, +speed] (if speed is Some), no limits if None
+    /// - Acceleration limits: [-acceleration, +acceleration]  
+    /// - Jerk limits: [-jerk, +jerk]
+    /// - Default tolerances: 1e-6 for both position and speed
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: speed, acceleration, jerk)
+    /// * `speed` - Optional maximum speed magnitude (None for no limits, Some(x) creates [-x, +x])
+    /// * `acceleration` - Maximum acceleration magnitude (creates limits [-acceleration, +acceleration])
+    /// * `jerk` - Maximum jerk magnitude (creates limits [-jerk, +jerk])
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new JerkSpeedController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if acceleration or jerk values are negative or zero
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// // Create controller with symmetric limits
+    /// let controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+    ///     Some(100.0),  // Speed limits: [-100, +100] units/s
+    ///     50.0,         // Acceleration limits: [-50, +50] units/s²
+    ///     25.0,         // Jerk limits: [-25, +25] units/s³
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with no speed limits
+    /// let unlimited_controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+    ///     None,    // No speed limits
+    ///     30.0,    // Acceleration limits: [-30, +30] units/s²
+    ///     15.0,    // Jerk limits: [-15, +15] units/s³
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new_simple(speed: Option<f64>, acceleration: f64, jerk: f64) -> Self {
+        if acceleration <= 0.0 || jerk <= 0.0 {
+            panic!("Acceleration and jerk must be positive values");
+        }
+
+        Self::new(
+            speed.map(|s| -s), // min_speed
+            speed,             // max_speed
+            -acceleration,     // min_acceleration
+            acceleration,      // max_acceleration
+            -jerk,             // min_jerk
+            jerk,              // max_jerk
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Update the controller state based on the target speed and time step
+    ///
+    /// Calculates the next speed in the motion profile based on the target speed and elapsed time.
+    /// The controller automatically manages acceleration and jerk to reach the target speed
+    /// while respecting all configured limits.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `target_speed` - The desired target speed to reach
+    /// * `dt` - Time step in seconds since the last update
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// The current speed after applying the motion profile for this time step
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the underlying controller update fails (should not happen in normal operation)
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// let mut controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(Some(100.0), 50.0, 25.0);
+    ///
+    /// // Control loop
+    /// loop {
+    ///     let current_speed = controller.update(target_speed, 0.01);  // 10ms update cycle
+    ///     // Use current_speed for your application
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_speed: f64, dt: f64) -> f64 {
+        // Call the base controller's update method with the target speed
+        self.base_controller
+            .update(target_speed, dt)
+            .expect("Failed to update controller")
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current speed
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current speed in the motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current speed as a floating-point value
+    pub const fn get_speed(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.base_controller.get_position()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current acceleration (rate of change of speed).
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current acceleration as a floating-point value
+    pub const fn get_acceleration(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.base_controller.get_speed()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current jerk
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current jerk (rate of change of acceleration).
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current jerk as a floating-point value
+    pub const fn get_jerk(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.base_controller.get_acceleration()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the target speed
+    ///
+    /// Returns the current target speed that the controller is trying to reach.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Target speed as a floating-point value
+    pub const fn get_target_speed(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.base_controller.get_target_position()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the minimum speed limit
+    ///
+    /// Returns the minimum speed constraint, if one is set.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Minimum speed limit as an Option<f64>, None if no limit is set
+    pub const fn get_min_speed(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.base_controller.get_min_position()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum speed limit
+    ///
+    /// Returns the maximum speed constraint, if one is set.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Maximum speed limit as an Option<f64>, None if no limit is set
+    pub const fn get_max_speed(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.base_controller.get_max_position()
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum speed limit
+    ///
+    /// Updates the minimum speed constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_speed` - New minimum speed limit (None to remove limit)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., greater than the maximum speed limit)
+    pub fn set_min_speed(&mut self, min_speed: Option<f64>) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.base_controller.set_min_position(min_speed)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum speed limit
+    ///
+    /// Updates the maximum speed constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `max_speed` - New maximum speed limit (None to remove limit)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., less than the minimum speed limit)
+    pub fn set_max_speed(&mut self, max_speed: Option<f64>) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.base_controller.set_max_position(max_speed)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Updates the minimum acceleration constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_acceleration` - New minimum acceleration limit (typically negative for deceleration)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., greater than the maximum acceleration limit)
+    pub fn set_min_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        min_acceleration: f64,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.base_controller.set_min_speed(min_acceleration)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Updates the maximum acceleration constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `max_acceleration` - New maximum acceleration limit (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., less than the minimum acceleration limit or negative/zero value)
+    pub fn set_max_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        max_acceleration: f64,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.base_controller.set_max_speed(max_acceleration)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum jerk
+    ///
+    /// Updates the minimum jerk constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_jerk` - New minimum jerk limit (typically negative for decreasing acceleration)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., greater than the maximum jerk limit)
+    pub fn set_min_jerk(&mut self, min_jerk: f64) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.base_controller.set_min_acceleration(min_jerk)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum jerk
+    ///
+    /// Updates the maximum jerk constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `max_jerk` - New maximum jerk limit (typically positive for increasing acceleration)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., less than the minimum jerk limit or negative/zero value)
+    pub fn set_max_jerk(&mut self, max_jerk: f64) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.base_controller.set_max_acceleration(max_jerk)
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the controller to a new speed and acceleration
+    ///
+    /// This resets all internal state of the controller to start fresh from a new state.
+    /// The controller will reset its speed, clear any accumulated motion profile state,
+    /// and set the target speed to the current speed.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `speed` - The new current speed to reset to
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the reset operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the speed is outside the configured limits
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// let mut controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(Some(100.0), 50.0, 25.0);
+    ///
+    /// // Reset to zero speed with zero acceleration
+    /// controller.reset(0.0)?;
+    ///
+    /// // Reset to specific speed
+    /// controller.reset(25.0)?;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, speed: f64) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        // Reset to the speed position (treating speed as position in the base controller)
+        self.base_controller.reset(speed)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/second_degree_motion/linear_acceleration_position_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use units::{
+    acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+    f64::{Acceleration, Length, Velocity},
+    length::meter,
+    velocity::meter_per_second,
+};
+
+use super::acceleration_position_controller::{
+    AccelerationPositionController, MotionControllerError,
+};
+
+/// Linear Acceleration Position Controller with proper physical units
+///
+/// This controller provides linear motion control with proper SI units (meters, m/s, m/s²).
+/// It wraps the core AccelerationPositionController and provides unit-typed interfaces
+/// for position (Length), velocity (Velocity), and acceleration (Acceleration).
+///
+/// The controller manages smooth motion profiles with configurable limits and tolerances,
+/// ensuring that position, speed, and acceleration constraints are respected during motion.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```ignore
+/// use units::{length::meter, velocity::meter_per_second, acceleration::meter_per_second_squared};
+/// use units::f64::{Length, Velocity, Acceleration};
+///
+/// let position_limit = Length::new::<meter>(10.0);
+/// let max_speed = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(2.0);
+/// let max_acceleration = Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(5.0);
+///
+/// let controller = LinearAccelerationPositionController::new_simple(
+///     Some(position_limit),
+///     max_speed,
+///     max_acceleration,
+/// ).unwrap();
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LinearAccelerationPositionController {
+    controller: AccelerationPositionController,
+    last_update: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl LinearAccelerationPositionController {
+    /// Create a new linear position controller with acceleration limits
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_position` - Minimum position limit (optional)
+    /// * `max_position` - Maximum position limit (optional)  
+    /// * `min_speed` - Minimum speed limit (typically negative)
+    /// * `max_speed` - Maximum speed limit (typically positive)
+    /// * `min_acceleration` - Minimum acceleration limit (typically negative for deceleration)
+    /// * `max_acceleration` - Maximum acceleration limit (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new LinearAccelerationPositionController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the underlying AccelerationPositionController cannot be created with the given parameters
+    pub fn new(
+        min_position: Option<Length>,
+        max_position: Option<Length>,
+        min_speed: Velocity,
+        max_speed: Velocity,
+        min_acceleration: Acceleration,
+        max_acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: AccelerationPositionController::new(
+                min_speed.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+                max_speed.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+                min_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+                max_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+                min_position.map(|length| length.get::<meter>()),
+                max_position.map(|length| length.get::<meter>()),
+                1e-6, // position_tolerance
+                1e-6, // speed_tolerance
+            )
+            .expect("Failed to create AccelerationPositionController"),
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new simple linear acceleration position controller with symmetric limits
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience constructor that creates symmetric limits around zero for
+    /// position, speed, and acceleration. This is useful for most common use cases.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `position` - Maximum position limit (creates [-position, +position] range if Some)
+    /// * `speed` - Maximum speed limit (creates [-speed, +speed] range)
+    /// * `acceleration` - Maximum acceleration limit (creates [-acceleration, +acceleration] range)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A Result containing the new controller or a MotionControllerError
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if:
+    /// - Speed or acceleration values are negative or zero
+    /// - The underlying controller cannot be created with the calculated limits
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use units::{length::meter, velocity::meter_per_second, acceleration::meter_per_second_squared};
+    /// use units::f64::{Length, Velocity, Acceleration};
+    ///
+    /// let position_limit = Length::new::<meter>(5.0);  // Creates [-5.0, +5.0] meter range
+    /// let max_speed = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(1.0);  // Creates [-1.0, +1.0] m/s range
+    /// let max_accel = Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(2.0);  // Creates [-2.0, +2.0] m/s² range
+    ///
+    /// let controller = LinearAccelerationPositionController::new_simple(
+    ///     Some(position_limit),
+    ///     max_speed,
+    ///     max_accel,
+    /// )?;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new_simple(
+        position: Option<Length>,
+        speed: Velocity,
+        acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> Result<Self, MotionControllerError> {
+        let controller = AccelerationPositionController::new_simple(
+            position.map(|p| p.get::<meter>()),
+            speed.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            controller,
+            last_update: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Update the controller with a new target position
+    ///
+    /// Calculates the next position in the motion profile based on the target position
+    /// and elapsed time since the last update. The controller automatically manages
+    /// acceleration and velocity to reach the target while respecting all limits.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `target_position` - The desired target position
+    /// * `t` - Current timestamp for calculating time delta
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// The current position after applying the motion profile for this time step
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the underlying controller update fails (should not happen in normal operation)
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use std::time::Instant;
+    /// use units::{length::meter, f64::Length};
+    ///
+    /// let mut controller = LinearAccelerationPositionController::new_simple(
+    ///     Some(Length::new::<meter>(10.0)),
+    ///     // ... other parameters
+    /// )?;
+    ///
+    /// let target = Length::new::<meter>(5.0);
+    /// let current_position = controller.update(target, Instant::now());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_position: Length, t: Instant) -> Length {
+        // Calculate dt from the last update
+        let dt = if let Some(last_t) = self.last_update {
+            t.duration_since(last_t).as_secs_f64()
+        } else {
+            0.0 // First update, no time has passed
+        };
+        self.last_update = Some(t);
+
+        // Convert target to raw value, update controller, and convert result back to Length
+        let target_raw = target_position.get::<meter>();
+        let position_raw = self
+            .controller
+            .update(target_raw, dt)
+            .expect("Failed to update controller");
+        Length::new::<meter>(position_raw)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current position
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current position in the motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current position as a Length value
+    pub fn get_position(&self) -> Length {
+        Length::new::<meter>(self.controller.get_position())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the target position  
+    ///
+    /// Returns the current target position that the controller is trying to reach.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Target position as a Length value
+    pub fn get_target_position(&self) -> Length {
+        Length::new::<meter>(self.controller.get_target_position())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the minimum position limit
+    ///
+    /// Returns the minimum position constraint, if one is set.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Minimum position limit as an Option<Length>, None if no limit is set
+    pub fn get_min_position(&self) -> Option<Length> {
+        self.controller.get_min_position().map(Length::new::<meter>)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum position limit
+    ///
+    /// Returns the maximum position constraint, if one is set.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns  
+    /// Maximum position limit as an Option<Length>, None if no limit is set
+    pub fn get_max_position(&self) -> Option<Length> {
+        self.controller.get_max_position().map(Length::new::<meter>)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum position limit
+    ///
+    /// Updates the minimum position constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_position` - New minimum position limit (None to remove limit)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., greater than the maximum position limit)
+    pub fn set_min_position(
+        &mut self,
+        min_position: Option<Length>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_position(min_position.map(|length| length.get::<meter>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum position limit
+    ///
+    /// Updates the maximum position constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `max_position` - New maximum position limit (None to remove limit)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., less than the minimum position limit)
+    pub fn set_max_position(
+        &mut self,
+        max_position: Option<Length>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_position(max_position.map(|length| length.get::<meter>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current speed
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current velocity in the motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current velocity as a Velocity value
+    pub fn get_speed(&self) -> Velocity {
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(self.controller.get_speed())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum speed
+    ///
+    /// Updates the minimum velocity constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_speed` - New minimum speed limit (typically negative for reverse motion)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., greater than the maximum speed limit)
+    pub fn set_min_speed(&mut self, min_speed: Velocity) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_speed(min_speed.get::<meter_per_second>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum speed
+    ///
+    /// Updates the maximum velocity constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `max_speed` - New maximum speed limit (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., less than the minimum speed limit or negative/zero value)
+    pub fn set_max_speed(&mut self, max_speed: Velocity) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_speed(max_speed.get::<meter_per_second>())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Returns the controller's current acceleration in the motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Current acceleration as an Acceleration value
+    pub fn get_acceleration(&self) -> Acceleration {
+        Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(self.controller.get_acceleration())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Updates the minimum acceleration constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `min_acceleration` - New minimum acceleration limit (typically negative for deceleration)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., greater than the maximum acceleration limit)
+    pub fn set_min_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        min_acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_acceleration(min_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Updates the maximum acceleration constraint for the controller.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `max_acceleration` - New maximum acceleration limit (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the new limit would be invalid
+    /// (e.g., less than the minimum acceleration limit or negative/zero value)
+    pub fn set_max_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        max_acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_acceleration(max_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the controller to a new position and velocity
+    ///
+    /// This resets all internal state of the controller to start fresh from a new state.
+    /// The controller will reset its position, clear any accumulated motion profile state,
+    /// and set the target position to the current position.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// * `position` - The new current position to reset to
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Result indicating success or failure of the reset operation
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns MotionControllerError if the position is outside the configured limits
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use units::{length::meter, velocity::meter_per_second, f64::{Length, Velocity}};
+    ///
+    /// let new_position = Length::new::<meter>(0.0);
+    ///
+    /// controller.reset(new_position)?;
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, position: Length) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller.reset(position.get::<meter>())?;
+        self.last_update = None;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/second_degree_motion/linear_jerk_speed_controller.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use units::{
+    acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+    f64::{Acceleration, Jerk, Velocity},
+    jerk::meter_per_second_cubed,
+    velocity::meter_per_second,
+};
+
+use super::acceleration_position_controller::MotionControllerError;
+use super::jerk_speed_controller::JerkSpeedController;
+
+/// Linear Jerk Speed Controller with proper physical units
+///
+/// This controller provides linear motion control with proper SI units for translational systems.
+/// It wraps the core JerkSpeedController and provides unit-typed interfaces for velocity (Velocity),
+/// acceleration (Acceleration), and jerk (Jerk).
+///
+/// The controller manages smooth linear speed profiles with configurable limits and tolerances,
+/// ensuring that velocity, acceleration, and jerk constraints are respected during motion.
+/// This is particularly useful for linear actuators, conveyor systems, CNC machines, and any
+/// translational machinery requiring smooth speed transitions.
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```ignore
+/// use units::{
+///     velocity::meter_per_second,
+///     acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+///     jerk::meter_per_second_cubed,
+///     f64::{Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk}
+/// };
+///
+/// let max_speed = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(5.0);
+/// let max_accel = Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(2.0);
+/// let max_jerk = Jerk::new::<meter_per_second_cubed>(1.0);
+///
+/// let controller = LinearJerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+///     Some(max_speed),
+///     max_accel,
+///     max_jerk,
+/// );
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LinearJerkSpeedController {
+    controller: JerkSpeedController,
+    last_update: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl LinearJerkSpeedController {
+    /// Create a new linear speed controller with jerk limits
+    ///
+    /// This constructor allows full control over all velocity, acceleration, and jerk limits.
+    /// Use this when you need asymmetric limits or fine-grained control over the linear motion profile.
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: speed, acceleration, jerk)
+    /// * `min_speed` - Optional minimum allowed velocity (None for no limit)
+    /// * `max_speed` - Optional maximum allowed velocity (None for no limit)
+    /// * `min_acceleration` - Minimum acceleration (typically negative for deceleration)
+    /// * `max_acceleration` - Maximum acceleration (typically positive)
+    /// * `min_jerk` - Minimum jerk for decreasing acceleration (typically negative)
+    /// * `max_jerk` - Maximum jerk for increasing acceleration (typically positive)
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new LinearJerkSpeedController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use units::{
+    ///     velocity::meter_per_second,
+    ///     acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+    ///     jerk::meter_per_second_cubed,
+    ///     f64::{Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk}
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with asymmetric limits
+    /// let controller = LinearJerkSpeedController::new(
+    ///     Some(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(-2.0)), // Min: -2 m/s
+    ///     Some(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(5.0)),  // Max: +5 m/s
+    ///     Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(-3.0), // Min accel
+    ///     Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(4.0),  // Max accel
+    ///     Jerk::new::<meter_per_second_cubed>(-2.0), // Min jerk
+    ///     Jerk::new::<meter_per_second_cubed>(3.0),  // Max jerk
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(
+        min_speed: Option<Velocity>,
+        max_speed: Option<Velocity>,
+        min_acceleration: Acceleration,
+        max_acceleration: Acceleration,
+        min_jerk: Jerk,
+        max_jerk: Jerk,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            controller: JerkSpeedController::new(
+                min_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<meter_per_second>()),
+                max_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<meter_per_second>()),
+                min_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+                max_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+                min_jerk.get::<meter_per_second_cubed>(),
+                max_jerk.get::<meter_per_second_cubed>(),
+            ),
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new simple linear jerk speed controller with symmetric limits
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience constructor that creates symmetric limits around zero for all parameters.
+    /// This is the most common use case and simplifies controller setup for typical linear applications.
+    ///
+    /// The created limits are:
+    /// - Velocity limits: [-speed, +speed] (if speed is Some), no limits if None
+    /// - Acceleration limits: [-acceleration, +acceleration]
+    /// - Jerk limits: [-jerk, +jerk]
+    /// - Default tolerances: 1e-6 for both position and speed
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters (ordered: speed, acceleration, jerk)
+    /// * `speed` - Optional maximum velocity magnitude (None for no limits, Some(x) creates [-x, +x])
+    /// * `acceleration` - Maximum acceleration magnitude (creates limits [-acceleration, +acceleration])
+    /// * `jerk` - Maximum jerk magnitude (creates limits [-jerk, +jerk])
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// A new LinearJerkSpeedController instance
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if acceleration or jerk values are negative or zero
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use units::{
+    ///     velocity::meter_per_second,
+    ///     acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+    ///     jerk::meter_per_second_cubed,
+    ///     f64::{Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk}
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with symmetric limits
+    /// let max_speed = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(3.0);
+    /// let max_accel = Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(2.0);
+    /// let max_jerk = Jerk::new::<meter_per_second_cubed>(1.5);
+    ///
+    /// let controller = LinearJerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+    ///     Some(max_speed),  // Velocity limits: [-3, +3] m/s
+    ///     max_accel,        // Acceleration limits: [-2, +2] m/s²
+    ///     max_jerk,         // Jerk limits: [-1.5, +1.5] m/s³
+    /// );
+    ///
+    /// // Create controller with no speed limits
+    /// let unlimited_controller = LinearJerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+    ///     None,       // No velocity limits
+    ///     max_accel,  // Acceleration limits: [-2, +2] m/s²
+    ///     max_jerk,   // Jerk limits: [-1.5, +1.5] m/s³
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new_simple(speed: Option<Velocity>, acceleration: Acceleration, jerk: Jerk) -> Self {
+        let controller = JerkSpeedController::new_simple(
+            speed.map(|s| s.get::<meter_per_second>()),
+            acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+            jerk.get::<meter_per_second_cubed>(),
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            controller,
+            last_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Update the controller with a new target speed
+    pub fn update(&mut self, target_speed: Velocity, t: Instant) -> Velocity {
+        // Calculate dt from the last update
+        let dt = if let Some(last_t) = self.last_update {
+            t.duration_since(last_t).as_secs_f64()
+        } else {
+            0.0 // First update, no time has passed
+        };
+        self.last_update = Some(t);
+
+        // Convert target to raw value, update controller, and convert result back to Velocity
+        let target_raw = target_speed.get::<meter_per_second>();
+        let speed_raw = self.controller.update(target_raw, dt);
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(speed_raw)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current speed
+    pub fn get_speed(&self) -> Velocity {
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(self.controller.get_speed())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the target speed
+    pub fn get_target_speed(&self) -> Velocity {
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(self.controller.get_target_speed())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the minimum velocity limit
+    pub fn get_min_speed(&self) -> Option<Velocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_min_speed()
+            .map(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the maximum velocity limit
+    pub fn get_max_speed(&self) -> Option<Velocity> {
+        self.controller
+            .get_max_speed()
+            .map(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum velocity limit
+    pub fn set_min_speed(
+        &mut self,
+        min_speed: Option<Velocity>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_speed(min_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<meter_per_second>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum velocity limit
+    pub fn set_max_speed(
+        &mut self,
+        max_speed: Option<Velocity>,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_speed(max_speed.map(|speed| speed.get::<meter_per_second>()))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current acceleration
+    pub fn get_acceleration(&self) -> Acceleration {
+        Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(self.controller.get_acceleration())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum acceleration
+    pub fn set_min_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        min_acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_acceleration(min_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum acceleration
+    pub fn set_max_acceleration(
+        &mut self,
+        max_acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_acceleration(max_acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current jerk
+    pub fn get_jerk(&self) -> Jerk {
+        Jerk::new::<meter_per_second_cubed>(self.controller.get_jerk())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the minimum jerk
+    pub fn set_min_jerk(&mut self, min_jerk: Jerk) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_min_jerk(min_jerk.get::<meter_per_second_cubed>())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum jerk
+    pub fn set_max_jerk(&mut self, max_jerk: Jerk) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller
+            .set_max_jerk(max_jerk.get::<meter_per_second_cubed>())
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the controller to a new velocity and acceleration
+    ///
+    /// This resets all internal state including:
+    /// - Current velocity to the provided value
+    /// - Current acceleration to 0
+    /// - Current jerk to 0
+    /// - Target velocity to the current velocity
+    ///
+    /// # Parameters
+    /// - `velocity`: The new current velocity
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, velocity: Velocity) -> Result<(), MotionControllerError> {
+        self.controller.reset(velocity.get::<meter_per_second>())?;
+        self.last_update = None;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

control-core/src/controllers/second_degree_motion/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub mod acceleration_position_controller;
+pub mod angular_acceleration_position_controller;
+pub mod angular_jerk_speed_controller;
+pub mod jerk_speed_controller;
+pub mod linear_acceleration_position_controller;
+pub mod linear_jerk_speed_controller;

control-core/src/converters/angle_converter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+use units::{angle::radian, f64::Angle};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AngleConverter {
+    pub flip_x: bool, // true to flip X-axis (mirror horizontally)
+    pub flip_y: bool, // true to flip Y-axis (mirror vertically)
+    pub is_cw: bool,  // true for clockwise, false for counter-clockwise
+}
+
+impl AngleConverter {
+    /// Create a custom coordinate system
+    pub const fn new(flip_x: bool, flip_y: bool, is_cw: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            flip_x,
+            flip_y,
+            is_cw,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Standard mathematical coordinate system (CCW positive, 0° at positive X)
+    pub const fn mathematical() -> Self {
+        Self::new(false, false, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Screen/graphics coordinate system (CW positive, 0° at positive X, Y-flipped)
+    pub const fn screen() -> Self {
+        Self::new(false, true, false)
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points up, clockwise positive
+    pub const fn y_up_cw() -> Self {
+        Self::new(false, false, true)
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points down, counter-clockwise positive
+    pub const fn y_down_ccw() -> Self {
+        Self::new(false, true, true)
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points left, clockwise positive
+    pub const fn x_left_cw() -> Self {
+        Self::new(true, false, false)
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points right, counter-clockwise positive (same as mathematical)
+    pub const fn x_right_ccw() -> Self {
+        Self::mathematical()
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points up, counter-clockwise positive
+    pub const fn y_up_ccw() -> Self {
+        Self::new(false, false, false)
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points down, clockwise positive
+    pub const fn y_down_cw() -> Self {
+        Self::new(false, true, false)
+    }
+
+    /// System where 0° points left, counter-clockwise positive
+    pub const fn x_left_ccw() -> Self {
+        Self::new(true, false, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle from mathematical system to this system (f32)
+    pub fn degrees_encode(&self, math_angle_degrees: f64) -> f64 {
+        let normalized_input = self.normalize_angle(math_angle_degrees);
+
+        let mut result = normalized_input;
+
+        // Apply axis flips
+        match (self.flip_x, self.flip_y) {
+            (false, false) => {}                      // No change
+            (true, false) => result = 180.0 - result, // X-flip: mirror across Y-axis
+            (false, true) => result = -result,        // Y-flip: mirror across X-axis
+            (true, true) => result += 180.0,          // Both flips: 180° rotation
+        }
+
+        // Handle rotation direction
+        if self.is_cw {
+            result = -result;
+        }
+
+        self.normalize_angle(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle from this system to mathematical system (f32)
+    pub fn degrees_decode(&self, system_angle_degrees: f64) -> f64 {
+        let normalized_input = self.normalize_angle(system_angle_degrees);
+
+        let mut result = normalized_input;
+
+        // Handle rotation direction
+        if self.is_cw {
+            result = -result;
+        }
+
+        // Apply inverse axis flips
+        match (self.flip_x, self.flip_y) {
+            (false, false) => {}                      // No change
+            (true, false) => result = 180.0 - result, // X-flip: mirror across Y-axis
+            (false, true) => result = -result,        // Y-flip: mirror across X-axis
+            (true, true) => result -= 180.0,          // Both flips: inverse 180° rotation
+        }
+
+        self.normalize_angle(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle in radians from mathematical system to this system (f32)
+    pub fn radians_encode(&self, math_angle_radians: f64) -> f64 {
+        let degrees = math_angle_radians.to_degrees();
+        let converted_degrees = self.degrees_encode(degrees);
+        converted_degrees.to_radians()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle in radians from this system to mathematical system (f32)
+    pub fn radians_decode(&self, system_angle_radians: f64) -> f64 {
+        let degrees = system_angle_radians.to_degrees();
+        let converted_degrees = self.degrees_decode(degrees);
+        converted_degrees.to_radians()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle from mathematical system to this system (f64)
+    pub fn degrees_encode_f64(&self, math_angle_degrees: f64) -> f64 {
+        let normalized_input = self.normalize_angle_f64(math_angle_degrees);
+
+        let mut result = normalized_input;
+
+        // Apply axis flips
+        match (self.flip_x, self.flip_y) {
+            (false, false) => {}                      // No change
+            (true, false) => result = 180.0 - result, // X-flip: mirror across Y-axis
+            (false, true) => result = -result,        // Y-flip: mirror across X-axis
+            (true, true) => result += 180.0,          // Both flips: 180° rotation
+        }
+
+        // Handle rotation direction
+        if self.is_cw {
+            result = -result;
+        }
+
+        self.normalize_angle_f64(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle from this system to mathematical system (f64)
+    pub fn degrees_decode_f64(&self, system_angle_degrees: f64) -> f64 {
+        let normalized_input = self.normalize_angle_f64(system_angle_degrees);
+
+        let mut result = normalized_input;
+
+        // Handle rotation direction
+        if self.is_cw {
+            result = -result;
+        }
+
+        // Apply inverse axis flips
+        match (self.flip_x, self.flip_y) {
+            (false, false) => {}                      // No change
+            (true, false) => result = 180.0 - result, // X-flip: mirror across Y-axis
+            (false, true) => result = -result,        // Y-flip: mirror across X-axis
+            (true, true) => result -= 180.0,          // Both flips: inverse 180° rotation
+        }
+
+        self.normalize_angle_f64(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle in radians from mathematical system to this system (f64)
+    pub fn radians_encode_f64(&self, math_angle_radians: f64) -> f64 {
+        let degrees = math_angle_radians.to_degrees();
+        let converted_degrees = self.degrees_encode_f64(degrees);
+        converted_degrees.to_radians()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle in radians from this system to mathematical system (f64)
+    pub fn radians_decode_f64(&self, system_angle_radians: f64) -> f64 {
+        let degrees = system_angle_radians.to_degrees();
+        let converted_degrees = self.degrees_decode_f64(degrees);
+        converted_degrees.to_radians()
+    }
+
+    /// Normalize angle to [0, 360) range (f32)
+    fn normalize_angle(&self, angle: f64) -> f64 {
+        let mut normalized = angle % 360.0;
+        if normalized < 0.0 {
+            normalized += 360.0;
+        }
+        normalized
+    }
+
+    /// Normalize angle to [0, 360) range (f64)
+    fn normalize_angle_f64(&self, angle: f64) -> f64 {
+        let mut normalized = angle % 360.0;
+        if normalized < 0.0 {
+            normalized += 360.0;
+        }
+        normalized
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AngleConverterUom {
+    angle_converter: AngleConverter,
+}
+
+impl AngleConverterUom {
+    pub const fn new(angle_converter: AngleConverter) -> Self {
+        Self { angle_converter }
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode(&self, angle: Angle) -> Angle {
+        Angle::new::<radian>(self.angle_converter.radians_encode(angle.get::<radian>()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode(&self, angle: Angle) -> Angle {
+        Angle::new::<radian>(self.angle_converter.radians_decode(angle.get::<radian>()))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::f32::consts::PI;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_constructors() {
+        let math = AngleConverter::mathematical();
+        assert_eq!(math.flip_x, false);
+        assert_eq!(math.flip_y, false);
+        assert_eq!(math.is_cw, false);
+
+        let screen = AngleConverter::screen();
+        assert_eq!(screen.flip_x, false);
+        assert_eq!(screen.flip_y, true);
+        assert_eq!(screen.is_cw, false);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_screen_converter_bidirectional() {
+        let converter = AngleConverter::screen();
+
+        // Math to screen (Y-flip only)
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(0.0), 0.0); // Right stays right
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(90.0), 270.0); // Up becomes down
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(270.0), 90.0); // Down becomes up
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(180.0), 180.0); // Left stays left
+
+        // Screen to math (should be inverse)
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_decode(0.0), 0.0); // Right stays right
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_decode(270.0), 90.0); // Down becomes up
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_decode(90.0), 270.0); // Up becomes down
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_decode(180.0), 180.0); // Left stays left
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_flip_converter() {
+        let converter = AngleConverter::x_left_cw();
+
+        // Math to x-flipped system
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(0.0), 180.0); // Right becomes left
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(90.0), 90.0); // Up stays up
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(180.0), 0.0); // Left becomes right
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(270.0), 270.0); // Down stays down
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_both_flips_converter() {
+        let converter = AngleConverter::new(true, true, false);
+
+        // Math to both-flipped system (180° rotation)
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(0.0), 180.0); // Right becomes left
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(90.0), 270.0); // Up becomes down
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(180.0), 0.0); // Left becomes right
+        assert_eq!(converter.degrees_encode(270.0), 90.0); // Down becomes up
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_radians_conversion() {
+        let converter = AngleConverter::screen();
+
+        // Test radians_encode
+        let result = converter.radians_encode(PI as f64 / 2.0) as f64; // 90° in radians
+        let expected: f64 = 270.0f64 * PI as f64 / 180.0f64; // 270° in radians
+        assert!((result - expected).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip_conversion() {
+        let converter = AngleConverter::new(true, false, true); // X-flip + CW
+
+        let original = 75.0_f64;
+        let converted = converter.degrees_encode(original);
+        let roundtrip = converter.degrees_decode(converted);
+
+        assert!((original - roundtrip as f64).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+}

control-core/src/converters/angular_step_converter.rs

@@ -1,55 +1,82 @@
-use uom::si::{
+use units::{
     angle::revolution,
     angular_acceleration::radian_per_second_squared,
     angular_velocity::revolution_per_second,
     f64::{Angle, AngularAcceleration, AngularVelocity},
 };
 
+/// Converts between motor steps and angular measurements
+///
+/// This converter handles the transformation between motor steps and angular
+/// measurements (angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration) based on
+/// the number of steps required for a full revolution.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct StepConverter {
-    steps_per_revolution: i16,
+pub struct AngularStepConverter {
+    /// Number of motor steps required for one complete revolution
+    pub steps_per_revolution: i16,
 }
 
-impl StepConverter {
-    pub fn new(steps_per_revolution: i16) -> Self {
+impl AngularStepConverter {
+    /// Create a new converter with the specified steps per revolution
+    pub const fn new(steps_per_revolution: i16) -> Self {
         Self {
             steps_per_revolution,
         }
     }
 
     /// Convert steps to angle
+    ///
+    /// Formula: angle (in revolutions) = steps / steps_per_revolution
     pub fn steps_to_angle(&self, steps: f64) -> Angle {
         let revolutions = steps / self.steps_per_revolution as f64;
         Angle::new::<revolution>(revolutions)
     }
 
     /// Convert angle to steps
+    ///
+    /// Formula: steps = angle (in revolutions) * steps_per_revolution
     pub fn angle_to_steps(&self, angle: Angle) -> f64 {
         let revolutions = angle.get::<revolution>();
         revolutions * self.steps_per_revolution as f64
     }
 
     /// Convert steps/second to angular velocity
-    pub fn steps_to_angular_velocity(&self, steps: f64) -> AngularVelocity {
-        let revolutions_per_second = steps / self.steps_per_revolution as f64;
+    ///
+    /// Formula: angular velocity (in rev/s) = steps_per_second / steps_per_revolution
+    pub fn steps_to_angular_velocity(&self, steps_per_second: f64) -> AngularVelocity {
+        let revolutions_per_second = steps_per_second / self.steps_per_revolution as f64;
         AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_second>(revolutions_per_second)
     }
 
     /// Convert angular velocity to steps/second
+    ///
+    /// Formula: steps_per_second = angular velocity (in rev/s) * steps_per_revolution
     pub fn angular_velocity_to_steps(&self, angular_velocity: AngularVelocity) -> f64 {
         let revolutions_per_second = angular_velocity.get::<revolution_per_second>();
         revolutions_per_second * self.steps_per_revolution as f64
     }
 
-    /// Convert steps/second^2 to angular acceleration
-    pub fn steps_to_angular_acceleration(&self, steps: f64) -> AngularAcceleration {
-        let revolutions_per_second_squared = steps / self.steps_per_revolution as f64;
+    /// Convert steps/second² to angular acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Formula:
+    /// - revolutions_per_second² = steps_per_second² / steps_per_revolution
+    /// - angular acceleration (in rad/s²) = revolutions_per_second² * 2π
+    pub fn steps_to_angular_acceleration(
+        &self,
+        steps_per_second_squared: f64,
+    ) -> AngularAcceleration {
+        let revolutions_per_second_squared =
+            steps_per_second_squared / self.steps_per_revolution as f64;
         let radians_per_second_squared =
             revolutions_per_second_squared * 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI;
         AngularAcceleration::new::<radian_per_second_squared>(radians_per_second_squared)
     }
 
-    /// Convert angular acceleration to steps/second^2
+    /// Convert angular acceleration to steps/second²
+    ///
+    /// Formula:
+    /// - revolutions_per_second² = angular acceleration (in rad/s²) / 2π
+    /// - steps_per_second² = revolutions_per_second² * steps_per_revolution
     pub fn angular_acceleration_to_steps(&self, angular_acceleration: AngularAcceleration) -> f64 {
         let radians_per_second_squared = angular_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>();
         let revolutions_per_second_squared =
@@ -63,20 +90,20 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use approx::assert_relative_eq;
     use std::f64::EPSILON;
-    use uom::si::{
+    use units::{
         angle::degree, angular_acceleration::degree_per_second_squared,
         angular_velocity::degree_per_second,
     };
 
     #[test]
     fn test_new() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
         assert_eq!(converter.steps_per_revolution, 200);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_steps_to_angle() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test full revolution
         let angle = converter.steps_to_angle(200.0);
@@ -94,14 +121,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert_relative_eq!(angle.get::<degree>(), 90.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
 
         // Test with different steps_per_revolution
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(400);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(400);
         let angle = converter.steps_to_angle(100.0);
         assert_relative_eq!(angle.get::<revolution>(), 0.25, epsilon = EPSILON);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_angle_to_steps() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test full revolution
         let steps = converter.angle_to_steps(Angle::new::<revolution>(1.0));
@@ -116,14 +143,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert_relative_eq!(steps, 50.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
 
         // Test with different steps_per_revolution
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(400);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(400);
         let steps = converter.angle_to_steps(Angle::new::<degree>(90.0));
         assert_relative_eq!(steps, 100.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_steps_to_angular_velocity() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test one revolution per second
         let angular_velocity = converter.steps_to_angular_velocity(200.0);
@@ -147,7 +174,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         // Test with different steps_per_revolution
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(400);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(400);
         let angular_velocity = converter.steps_to_angular_velocity(200.0);
         assert_relative_eq!(
             angular_velocity.get::<revolution_per_second>(),
@@ -158,7 +185,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_angular_velocity_to_steps() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test one revolution per second
         let steps =
@@ -171,7 +198,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_relative_eq!(steps, 100.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
 
         // Test with different steps_per_revolution
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(400);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(400);
         let steps =
             converter.angular_velocity_to_steps(AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_second>(0.5));
         assert_relative_eq!(steps, 200.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
@@ -179,7 +206,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_steps_to_angular_acceleration() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test one revolution per second squared
         let angular_acceleration = converter.steps_to_angular_acceleration(200.0);
@@ -199,7 +226,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         // Test with different steps_per_revolution
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(400);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(400);
         let angular_acceleration = converter.steps_to_angular_acceleration(400.0);
         assert_relative_eq!(
             angular_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
@@ -210,7 +237,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_angular_acceleration_to_steps() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test one revolution per second squared (2π rad/s²)
         let rps2 = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI;
@@ -226,7 +253,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_relative_eq!(steps, 100.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
 
         // Test with different steps_per_revolution
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(400);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(400);
         let steps = converter.angular_acceleration_to_steps(AngularAcceleration::new::<
             radian_per_second_squared,
         >(rps2));
@@ -235,7 +262,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_roundtrip_conversions() {
-        let converter = StepConverter::new(200);
+        let converter = AngularStepConverter::new(200);
 
         // Test angle roundtrip
         let original_steps = 123.0;

control-core/src/converters/circular_converter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+//! # Circular Converter
+//!
+//! This module provides the `CircularConverter` which handles transformations between
+//! linear and angular measurements for circular motion systems.
+//!
+//! ## Usage
+//!
+//! The `CircularConverter` is designed to work alongside other converters:
+//! - Use `AngularStepConverter` for angular-to-step conversions
+//! - Use `LinearStepConverter` for complete linear-to-step conversions (uses `CircularConverter` internally)
+//! - Use `CircularConverter` directly when you need linear-to-angular conversions without steps
+//!
+//! ## Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use control_core::converters::circular_converter::CircularConverter;
+//! use units::{f64::{Length, Velocity}, length::meter, velocity::meter_per_second};
+//!
+//! let converter = CircularConverter::from_radius(Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+//! let velocity = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(1.0);
+//! let angular_velocity = converter.linear_to_angular_velocity(velocity);
+//! ```
+
+use units::{
+    acceleration::meter_per_second_squared,
+    angle::radian,
+    angular_acceleration::radian_per_second_squared,
+    angular_velocity::radian_per_second,
+    f64::{Acceleration, Angle, AngularAcceleration, AngularVelocity, Length, Velocity},
+    length::meter,
+    velocity::meter_per_second,
+};
+
+/// A converter that handles transformations between linear and angular measurements
+/// for circular motion. This includes conversions for position, velocity, acceleration,
+/// and higher-order derivatives based on a circle's geometric properties.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct CircularConverter {
+    radius: Length,
+    circumference: Length,
+    diameter: Length,
+}
+
+impl CircularConverter {
+    /// Create a new converter from radius
+    pub fn from_radius(radius: Length) -> Self {
+        let diameter = radius * 2.0;
+        let circumference =
+            Length::new::<meter>(2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * radius.get::<meter>());
+        Self {
+            radius,
+            diameter,
+            circumference,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new converter from diameter
+    pub fn from_diameter(diameter: Length) -> Self {
+        let radius = diameter / 2.0;
+        Self::from_radius(radius)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new converter from circumference
+    pub fn from_circumference(circumference: Length) -> Self {
+        let radius =
+            Length::new::<meter>(circumference.get::<meter>() / (2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI));
+        Self::from_radius(radius)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the radius
+    pub fn radius(&self) -> Length {
+        self.radius
+    }
+
+    /// Get the diameter
+    pub fn diameter(&self) -> Length {
+        self.diameter
+    }
+
+    /// Get the circumference
+    pub fn circumference(&self) -> Length {
+        self.circumference
+    }
+
+    // Linear to Angular Position Conversions
+
+    /// Convert linear distance to angular position
+    /// Formula: angle = distance / radius
+    pub fn linear_to_angular_position(&self, distance: Length) -> Angle {
+        let angle_rad = distance.get::<meter>() / self.radius.get::<meter>();
+        Angle::new::<radian>(angle_rad)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular position to linear distance
+    /// Formula: distance = angle * radius
+    pub fn angular_to_linear_position(&self, angle: Angle) -> Length {
+        let distance = angle.get::<radian>() * self.radius.get::<meter>();
+        Length::new::<meter>(distance)
+    }
+
+    // Linear to Angular Velocity Conversions
+
+    /// Convert linear velocity to angular velocity
+    /// Formula: angular_velocity = linear_velocity / radius
+    pub fn linear_to_angular_velocity(&self, velocity: Velocity) -> AngularVelocity {
+        let angular_velocity_rad_per_s =
+            velocity.get::<meter_per_second>() / self.radius.get::<meter>();
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(angular_velocity_rad_per_s)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular velocity to linear velocity
+    /// Formula: linear_velocity = angular_velocity * radius
+    pub fn angular_to_linear_velocity(&self, angular_velocity: AngularVelocity) -> Velocity {
+        let velocity = angular_velocity.get::<radian_per_second>() * self.radius.get::<meter>();
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(velocity)
+    }
+
+    // Linear to Angular Acceleration Conversions
+
+    /// Convert linear acceleration to angular acceleration
+    /// Formula: angular_acceleration = linear_acceleration / radius
+    pub fn linear_to_angular_acceleration(
+        &self,
+        acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> AngularAcceleration {
+        let angular_acceleration_rad_per_s2 =
+            acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>() / self.radius.get::<meter>();
+        AngularAcceleration::new::<radian_per_second_squared>(angular_acceleration_rad_per_s2)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular acceleration to linear acceleration
+    /// Formula: linear_acceleration = angular_acceleration * radius
+    pub fn angular_to_linear_acceleration(
+        &self,
+        angular_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Acceleration {
+        let acceleration =
+            angular_acceleration.get::<radian_per_second_squared>() * self.radius.get::<meter>();
+        Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(acceleration)
+    }
+
+    // Jerk Conversions (using f64 for now since UOM may not have jerk units)
+
+    /// Convert linear jerk to angular jerk
+    /// Formula: angular_jerk = linear_jerk / radius
+    /// Units: rad/s³ = (m/s³) / m
+    pub fn linear_to_angular_jerk(&self, linear_jerk: f64) -> f64 {
+        linear_jerk / self.radius.get::<meter>()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular jerk to linear jerk
+    /// Formula: linear_jerk = angular_jerk * radius
+    /// Units: m/s³ = (rad/s³) * m
+    pub fn angular_to_linear_jerk(&self, angular_jerk: f64) -> f64 {
+        angular_jerk * self.radius.get::<meter>()
+    }
+
+    // Arc Length Calculations
+
+    /// Calculate arc length from angle
+    /// Formula: arc_length = angle * radius
+    pub fn angle_to_arc_length(&self, angle: Angle) -> Length {
+        self.angular_to_linear_position(angle)
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate angle from arc length
+    /// Formula: angle = arc_length / radius
+    pub fn arc_length_to_angle(&self, arc_length: Length) -> Angle {
+        self.linear_to_angular_position(arc_length)
+    }
+
+    // Circumference-based calculations
+
+    /// Convert linear distance to number of revolutions
+    /// Formula: revolutions = distance / circumference
+    pub fn linear_distance_to_revolutions(&self, distance: Length) -> f64 {
+        distance.get::<meter>() / self.circumference.get::<meter>()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert number of revolutions to linear distance
+    /// Formula: distance = revolutions * circumference
+    pub fn revolutions_to_linear_distance(&self, revolutions: f64) -> Length {
+        Length::new::<meter>(revolutions * self.circumference.get::<meter>())
+    }
+
+    /// Convert linear velocity to revolutions per second
+    /// Formula: rps = velocity / circumference
+    pub fn linear_velocity_to_rps(&self, velocity: Velocity) -> f64 {
+        velocity.get::<meter_per_second>() / self.circumference.get::<meter>()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert revolutions per second to linear velocity
+    /// Formula: velocity = rps * circumference
+    pub fn rps_to_linear_velocity(&self, rps: f64) -> Velocity {
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(rps * self.circumference.get::<meter>())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use units::length::centimeter;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_constructors() {
+        let radius = Length::new::<centimeter>(5.0);
+        let diameter = Length::new::<centimeter>(10.0);
+        let circumference = Length::new::<centimeter>(2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 5.0);
+
+        let converter1 = CircularConverter::from_radius(radius);
+        let converter2 = CircularConverter::from_diameter(diameter);
+        let converter3 = CircularConverter::from_circumference(circumference);
+
+        // All should have approximately the same values
+        assert!((converter1.radius().get::<centimeter>() - 5.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+        assert!((converter2.radius().get::<centimeter>() - 5.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+        assert!((converter3.radius().get::<centimeter>() - 5.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+
+        assert!((converter1.diameter().get::<centimeter>() - 10.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+        assert!((converter2.diameter().get::<centimeter>() - 10.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+        assert!((converter3.diameter().get::<centimeter>() - 10.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_position_conversions() {
+        let converter = CircularConverter::from_radius(Length::new::<meter>(1.0));
+
+        // Test linear to angular
+        let distance = Length::new::<meter>(std::f64::consts::PI);
+        let angle = converter.linear_to_angular_position(distance);
+        assert!((angle.get::<radian>() - std::f64::consts::PI).abs() < 1e-10);
+
+        // Test angular to linear
+        let angle = Angle::new::<radian>(std::f64::consts::PI / 2.0);
+        let distance = converter.angular_to_linear_position(angle);
+        assert!((distance.get::<meter>() - std::f64::consts::PI / 2.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_velocity_conversions() {
+        let converter = CircularConverter::from_radius(Length::new::<meter>(0.5));
+
+        // Test linear to angular
+        let velocity = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(1.0);
+        let angular_velocity = converter.linear_to_angular_velocity(velocity);
+        assert!((angular_velocity.get::<radian_per_second>() - 2.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+
+        // Test angular to linear
+        let angular_velocity = AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(4.0);
+        let velocity = converter.angular_to_linear_velocity(angular_velocity);
+        assert!((velocity.get::<meter_per_second>() - 2.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_revolution_conversions() {
+        let converter = CircularConverter::from_radius(Length::new::<meter>(1.0));
+
+        // One full revolution should equal circumference
+        let revolutions = 1.0;
+        let distance = converter.revolutions_to_linear_distance(revolutions);
+        assert!((distance.get::<meter>() - converter.circumference().get::<meter>()).abs() < 1e-10);
+
+        // Converting back should give 1 revolution
+        let calculated_revolutions = converter.linear_distance_to_revolutions(distance);
+        assert!((calculated_revolutions - 1.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_jerk_conversions() {
+        let converter = CircularConverter::from_radius(Length::new::<meter>(2.0));
+
+        let linear_jerk = 4.0; // m/s³
+        let angular_jerk = converter.linear_to_angular_jerk(linear_jerk);
+        assert!((angular_jerk - 2.0).abs() < 1e-10); // 4.0 / 2.0 = 2.0 rad/s³
+
+        let calculated_linear_jerk = converter.angular_to_linear_jerk(angular_jerk);
+        assert!((calculated_linear_jerk - linear_jerk).abs() < 1e-10);
+    }
+}

control-core/src/converters/linear_step_converter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+use units::{
+    angle::revolution,
+    angular_velocity::revolution_per_second,
+    f64::{Acceleration, Angle, AngularAcceleration, AngularVelocity, Length, Velocity},
+};
+
+use super::angular_step_converter::AngularStepConverter;
+use super::circular_converter::CircularConverter;
+
+/// Converts between linear measurements and motor steps
+///
+/// This converter handles the transformation between linear motion (distance, velocity,
+/// acceleration) and motor steps, using the relationship between linear and rotary motion
+/// through a wheel or pulley of a specific radius.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct LinearStepConverter {
+    angular_step_converter: AngularStepConverter,
+    circular_converter: CircularConverter,
+}
+
+// Constructor and basic getters
+impl LinearStepConverter {
+    /// Create a new converter from radius and steps per revolution
+    pub fn from_radius(steps_per_revolution: i16, radius: Length) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            angular_step_converter: AngularStepConverter::new(steps_per_revolution),
+            circular_converter: CircularConverter::from_radius(radius),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new converter from diameter and steps per revolution
+    pub fn from_diameter(steps_per_revolution: i16, diameter: Length) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            angular_step_converter: AngularStepConverter::new(steps_per_revolution),
+            circular_converter: CircularConverter::from_diameter(diameter),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new converter from circumference and steps per revolution
+    pub fn from_circumference(steps_per_revolution: i16, circumference: Length) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            angular_step_converter: AngularStepConverter::new(steps_per_revolution),
+            circular_converter: CircularConverter::from_circumference(circumference),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the radius used by the converter
+    pub fn radius(&self) -> Length {
+        self.circular_converter.radius()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the diameter of the system
+    pub fn diameter(&self) -> Length {
+        self.circular_converter.diameter()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the circumference of the system
+    pub fn circumference(&self) -> Length {
+        self.circular_converter.circumference()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the steps per revolution
+    pub const fn steps_per_revolution(&self) -> i16 {
+        self.angular_step_converter.steps_per_revolution
+    }
+}
+
+// Linear to/from steps conversions
+impl LinearStepConverter {
+    /// Convert linear distance to steps
+    ///
+    /// Formula: steps = (distance / circumference) * steps_per_revolution
+    pub fn distance_to_steps(&self, distance: Length) -> f64 {
+        // Convert distance to revolutions using CircularConverter
+        let revolutions = self
+            .circular_converter
+            .linear_distance_to_revolutions(distance);
+        let angle = Angle::new::<revolution>(revolutions);
+
+        // Convert angle to steps
+        self.angular_step_converter.angle_to_steps(angle)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert steps to linear distance
+    ///
+    /// Formula: distance = (steps / steps_per_revolution) * circumference
+    pub fn steps_to_distance(&self, steps: f64) -> Length {
+        // Convert steps to angle
+        let angle = self.angular_step_converter.steps_to_angle(steps);
+
+        // Convert angle to distance using CircularConverter
+        let revolutions = angle.get::<revolution>();
+        self.circular_converter
+            .revolutions_to_linear_distance(revolutions)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert linear velocity to steps/second
+    ///
+    /// Formula: steps/second = (velocity / circumference) * steps_per_revolution
+    pub fn velocity_to_steps(&self, velocity: Velocity) -> f64 {
+        // Convert linear velocity to revolutions per second using CircularConverter
+        let rps = self.circular_converter.linear_velocity_to_rps(velocity);
+        let angular_velocity = AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_second>(rps);
+
+        // Convert angular velocity to steps/second
+        self.angular_step_converter
+            .angular_velocity_to_steps(angular_velocity)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert steps/second to linear velocity
+    ///
+    /// Formula: velocity = (steps_per_second / steps_per_revolution) * circumference
+    pub fn steps_to_velocity(&self, steps_per_second: f64) -> Velocity {
+        // Convert steps/second to angular velocity
+        let angular_velocity = self
+            .angular_step_converter
+            .steps_to_angular_velocity(steps_per_second);
+
+        // Convert angular velocity to linear velocity using CircularConverter
+        let rps = angular_velocity.get::<revolution_per_second>();
+        self.circular_converter.rps_to_linear_velocity(rps)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert linear acceleration to steps/second²
+    ///
+    /// Formula: steps/second² = (acceleration / radius) * (steps_per_revolution / (2π))
+    pub fn acceleration_to_steps(&self, acceleration: Acceleration) -> f64 {
+        // Convert linear acceleration to angular acceleration using CircularConverter
+        let angular_acceleration = self
+            .circular_converter
+            .linear_to_angular_acceleration(acceleration);
+
+        // Convert angular acceleration to steps/second²
+        self.angular_step_converter
+            .angular_acceleration_to_steps(angular_acceleration)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert steps/second² to linear acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Formula: acceleration = (steps_per_second² / steps_per_revolution) * (2π) * radius
+    pub fn steps_to_acceleration(&self, steps_per_second_squared: f64) -> Acceleration {
+        // Convert steps/second² to angular acceleration
+        let angular_acceleration = self
+            .angular_step_converter
+            .steps_to_angular_acceleration(steps_per_second_squared);
+
+        // Convert angular acceleration to linear acceleration using CircularConverter
+        self.circular_converter
+            .angular_to_linear_acceleration(angular_acceleration)
+    }
+}
+
+// Linear to/from angular conversions
+impl LinearStepConverter {
+    /// Convert linear distance to angle
+    ///
+    /// Formula: angle (in revolutions) = distance / circumference
+    pub fn distance_to_angle(&self, distance: Length) -> Angle {
+        let revolutions = self
+            .circular_converter
+            .linear_distance_to_revolutions(distance);
+        Angle::new::<revolution>(revolutions)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle to linear distance
+    ///
+    /// Formula: distance = angle (in revolutions) * circumference
+    pub fn angle_to_distance(&self, angle: Angle) -> Length {
+        let revolutions = angle.get::<revolution>();
+        self.circular_converter
+            .revolutions_to_linear_distance(revolutions)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert linear velocity to angular velocity
+    ///
+    /// Formula: angular velocity (in rev/s) = velocity / circumference
+    pub fn velocity_to_angular_velocity(&self, velocity: Velocity) -> AngularVelocity {
+        let rps = self.circular_converter.linear_velocity_to_rps(velocity);
+        AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_second>(rps)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular velocity to linear velocity
+    ///
+    /// Formula: velocity = angular velocity (in rev/s) * circumference
+    pub fn angular_velocity_to_velocity(&self, angular_velocity: AngularVelocity) -> Velocity {
+        let rps = angular_velocity.get::<revolution_per_second>();
+        self.circular_converter.rps_to_linear_velocity(rps)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert linear acceleration to angular acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Formula: angular acceleration (in rad/s²) = acceleration / radius
+    pub fn acceleration_to_angular_acceleration(
+        &self,
+        acceleration: Acceleration,
+    ) -> AngularAcceleration {
+        self.circular_converter
+            .linear_to_angular_acceleration(acceleration)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular acceleration to linear acceleration
+    ///
+    /// Formula: acceleration = angular acceleration (in rad/s²) * radius
+    pub fn angular_acceleration_to_acceleration(
+        &self,
+        angular_acceleration: AngularAcceleration,
+    ) -> Acceleration {
+        self.circular_converter
+            .angular_to_linear_acceleration(angular_acceleration)
+    }
+}
+
+// Forward angular to/from steps conversions from StepConverter
+impl LinearStepConverter {
+    /// Convert steps to angle
+    pub fn steps_to_angle(&self, steps: f64) -> Angle {
+        self.angular_step_converter.steps_to_angle(steps)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angle to steps
+    pub fn angle_to_steps(&self, angle: Angle) -> f64 {
+        self.angular_step_converter.angle_to_steps(angle)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert steps/second to angular velocity
+    pub fn steps_to_angular_velocity(&self, steps: f64) -> AngularVelocity {
+        self.angular_step_converter.steps_to_angular_velocity(steps)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular velocity to steps/second
+    pub fn angular_velocity_to_steps(&self, angular_velocity: AngularVelocity) -> f64 {
+        self.angular_step_converter
+            .angular_velocity_to_steps(angular_velocity)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert steps/second² to angular acceleration
+    pub fn steps_to_angular_acceleration(&self, steps: f64) -> AngularAcceleration {
+        self.angular_step_converter
+            .steps_to_angular_acceleration(steps)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert angular acceleration to steps/second²
+    pub fn angular_acceleration_to_steps(&self, angular_acceleration: AngularAcceleration) -> f64 {
+        self.angular_step_converter
+            .angular_acceleration_to_steps(angular_acceleration)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use approx::assert_relative_eq;
+    use std::f64::EPSILON;
+    use units::{
+        acceleration::meter_per_second_squared, angular_acceleration::radian_per_second_squared,
+        length::meter, velocity::meter_per_second,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        assert_eq!(converter.steps_per_revolution(), 200);
+        assert_eq!(converter.radius().get::<meter>(), 0.1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_diameter_and_circumference() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // Test diameter
+        let diameter = converter.diameter();
+        assert_relative_eq!(diameter.get::<meter>(), 0.2, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Test circumference
+        let circumference = converter.circumference();
+        let expected_circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1;
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            circumference.get::<meter>(),
+            expected_circumference,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Tests for linear <-> steps conversions
+    #[test]
+    fn test_distance_to_steps() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // One full revolution
+        let steps = converter.distance_to_steps(Length::new::<meter>(circumference));
+        assert_relative_eq!(steps, 200.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Half revolution
+        let steps = converter.distance_to_steps(Length::new::<meter>(circumference / 2.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(steps, 100.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_steps_to_distance() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // One full revolution
+        let distance = converter.steps_to_distance(200.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(distance.get::<meter>(), circumference, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Half revolution
+        let distance = converter.steps_to_distance(100.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            distance.get::<meter>(),
+            circumference / 2.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_velocity_to_steps() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // Linear velocity equivalent to one revolution per second
+        let velocity = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(circumference);
+        let steps_per_second = converter.velocity_to_steps(velocity);
+        assert_relative_eq!(steps_per_second, 200.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Half revolution per second
+        let velocity = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(circumference / 2.0);
+        let steps_per_second = converter.velocity_to_steps(velocity);
+        assert_relative_eq!(steps_per_second, 100.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_steps_to_velocity() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // Steps for one revolution per second
+        let velocity = converter.steps_to_velocity(200.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            velocity.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            circumference,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Half revolution per second
+        let velocity = converter.steps_to_velocity(100.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            velocity.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            circumference / 2.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_acceleration_to_steps() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // Create a linear acceleration of 1 m/s²
+        // This will result in angular acceleration of a/r = 1/0.1 = 10 rad/s²
+        let acceleration = Acceleration::new::<meter_per_second_squared>(1.0);
+        let steps_per_second_squared = converter.acceleration_to_steps(acceleration);
+
+        // Expected steps for 10 rad/s² angular acceleration:
+        // 10 rad/s² * (1 rev/2π rad) * 200 steps/rev = 318.31 steps/s²
+        let expected_steps = 200.0 * 10.0 / (2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            steps_per_second_squared,
+            expected_steps,
+            epsilon = EPSILON * 10.0
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_steps_to_acceleration() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // Steps for one revolution per second squared
+        let acceleration = converter.steps_to_acceleration(200.0);
+        let expected = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // rad/s² * radius
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+            expected,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Tests for linear <-> angular conversions
+    #[test]
+    fn test_distance_to_angle() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // Full circumference = 1 revolution
+        let angle = converter.distance_to_angle(Length::new::<meter>(circumference));
+        assert_relative_eq!(angle.get::<revolution>(), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Half circumference = 0.5 revolution
+        let angle = converter.distance_to_angle(Length::new::<meter>(circumference / 2.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(angle.get::<revolution>(), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_angle_to_distance() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // 1 revolution = full circumference
+        let distance = converter.angle_to_distance(Angle::new::<revolution>(1.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(distance.get::<meter>(), circumference, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // 0.5 revolution = half circumference
+        let distance = converter.angle_to_distance(Angle::new::<revolution>(0.5));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            distance.get::<meter>(),
+            circumference / 2.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_velocity_to_angular_velocity() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // Linear velocity of full circumference per second = 1 revolution per second
+        let angular_velocity = converter
+            .velocity_to_angular_velocity(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(circumference));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            angular_velocity.get::<revolution_per_second>(),
+            1.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Half circumference per second = 0.5 revolution per second
+        let angular_velocity =
+            converter.velocity_to_angular_velocity(Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(
+                circumference / 2.0,
+            ));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            angular_velocity.get::<revolution_per_second>(),
+            0.5,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_angular_velocity_to_velocity() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+        let circumference = 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 0.1; // 0.628m
+
+        // 1 revolution per second = linear velocity of full circumference per second
+        let velocity = converter
+            .angular_velocity_to_velocity(AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_second>(1.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            velocity.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            circumference,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // 0.5 revolution per second = half circumference per second
+        let velocity = converter
+            .angular_velocity_to_velocity(AngularVelocity::new::<revolution_per_second>(0.5));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            velocity.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            circumference / 2.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_acceleration_to_angular_acceleration() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // Linear acceleration of 1 m/s² = angular acceleration of 10 rad/s²
+        let angular_accel = converter.acceleration_to_angular_acceleration(Acceleration::new::<
+            meter_per_second_squared,
+        >(1.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            angular_accel.get::<radian_per_second_squared>(),
+            10.0, // a/r = 1/0.1 = 10
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_angular_acceleration_to_acceleration() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // Angular acceleration of 10 rad/s² = linear acceleration of 1 m/s²
+        let acceleration =
+            converter.angular_acceleration_to_acceleration(AngularAcceleration::new::<
+                radian_per_second_squared,
+            >(10.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            acceleration.get::<meter_per_second_squared>(),
+            1.0, // α*r = 10*0.1 = 1
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Tests for forwarded angular <-> steps methods
+    #[test]
+    fn test_forwarded_steps_to_angle() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // 200 steps = 1 revolution
+        let angle = converter.steps_to_angle(200.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(angle.get::<revolution>(), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // 100 steps = 0.5 revolution
+        let angle = converter.steps_to_angle(100.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(angle.get::<revolution>(), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_forwarded_angle_to_steps() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // 1 revolution = 200 steps
+        let steps = converter.angle_to_steps(Angle::new::<revolution>(1.0));
+        assert_relative_eq!(steps, 200.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // 0.5 revolution = 100 steps
+        let steps = converter.angle_to_steps(Angle::new::<revolution>(0.5));
+        assert_relative_eq!(steps, 100.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip_conversions() {
+        let converter = LinearStepConverter::from_radius(200, Length::new::<meter>(0.1));
+
+        // Test linear distance to steps roundtrip
+        let original_distance = Length::new::<meter>(0.456);
+        let steps = converter.distance_to_steps(original_distance);
+        let roundtrip_distance = converter.steps_to_distance(steps);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            original_distance.get::<meter>(),
+            roundtrip_distance.get::<meter>(),
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test linear velocity to steps roundtrip
+        let original_velocity = Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(0.789);
+        let steps_per_second = converter.velocity_to_steps(original_velocity);
+        let roundtrip_velocity = converter.steps_to_velocity(steps_per_second);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            original_velocity.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            roundtrip_velocity.get::<meter_per_second>(),
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test linear distance to angle roundtrip
+        let original_distance = Length::new::<meter>(0.123);
+        let angle = converter.distance_to_angle(original_distance);
+        let roundtrip_distance = converter.angle_to_distance(angle);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            original_distance.get::<meter>(),
+            roundtrip_distance.get::<meter>(),
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test angle to steps roundtrip
+        let original_angle = Angle::new::<revolution>(0.75);
+        let steps = converter.angle_to_steps(original_angle);
+        let roundtrip_angle = converter.steps_to_angle(steps);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            original_angle.get::<revolution>(),
+            roundtrip_angle.get::<revolution>(),
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+    }
+}

control-core/src/converters/mod.rs

@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-pub mod step_converter;
+pub mod angle_converter;
+pub mod angular_step_converter;
+pub mod circular_converter;
+pub mod linear_step_converter;
+pub mod motor_converter;

control-core/src/converters/motor_converter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

control-core/src/downcast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use smol::lock::Mutex;
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub trait Downcast<T> {
+    fn downcast(&self) -> Result<T, anyhow::Error>;
+}
+
+pub trait DowncastRef<T> {
+    fn downcast_ref(&self) -> Result<&T, anyhow::Error>;
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static, U: Any + 'static> Downcast<Arc<Mutex<T>>> for Arc<Mutex<U>> {
+    fn downcast(&self) -> Result<Arc<Mutex<T>>, anyhow::Error> {
+        // Acquire a read lock on the RwLock
+        let lock = self.lock_blocking();
+
+        // Check if the inner type can be downcasted to T
+        let any: &dyn Any = &*lock;
+
+        if any.is::<T>() {
+            // Clone the Arc and return it as the desired type
+            let cloned: Arc<Mutex<dyn Any>> = self.clone();
+
+            // Transmute the Arc to the desired type
+            unsafe {
+                let arc = Arc::from_raw(Arc::into_raw(cloned) as *const Mutex<T>);
+
+                Ok(arc)
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(anyhow!("[{}::downcast] Downcast failed", module_path!()))
+        }
+    }
+}

control-core/src/ethercat/interface_discovery.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};
-
 use ethercrab::{
     MainDevice, MainDeviceConfig, PduStorage, Timeouts,
     std::{ethercat_now, tx_rx_task},
 };
 use interfaces::Interface;
+use std::{process::Command, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 
 // Constants for EtherCAT configuration
 const IFACE_DISCOVERY_MAX_SUBDEVICES: usize = 16; // Must be power of 2 > 1
@@ -12,94 +11,115 @@ const IFACE_DISCOVERY_MAX_PDU_DATA: usize = PduStorage::element_size(1100);
 const IFACE_DISCOVERY_MAX_FRAMES: usize = 16;
 const IFACE_DISCOVERY_MAX_PDI_LEN: usize = 128;
 
-/// Finds an ethernet interface that is suitable for EtherCAT communication.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// match discover_ethercat_interface().await {
-///     Ok(interface) => println!("Found working interface: {}", interface),
-///     Err(_) => println!("No working interface found"),
-/// }
-/// ```
+/// Sets a network interface to unmanaged by NetworkManager.
+/// Returns true if the command succeeded.
+pub fn set_interface_managed(interface: &str, managed: bool) -> bool {
+    let managed_str = match managed {
+        true => "yes",
+        false => "no",
+    };
+    tracing::info!(
+        "set_interface_managed for {} managed was set to: {}",
+        interface,
+        managed_str
+    );
+    let status = Command::new("nmcli")
+        .args(["dev", "set", interface, "managed", managed_str])
+        .status();
+
+    matches!(status, Ok(s) if s.success())
+}
+
+/// Returns true if the given network interface is Ethernet.
+/// Prevents testing wlan,loopback and other non ethernet devices
+fn is_ethernet(interface: &str) -> std::io::Result<bool> {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    {
+        let base_path = format!("/sys/class/net/{}", interface);
+        let type_path = std::path::Path::new(&base_path).join("type");
+        let iface_type = std::fs::read_to_string(&type_path)?.trim().to_string();
+        // 1 means Ethernet
+        let reports_as_ethernet = iface_type == "1";
+        // Double-check that it's not a wireless interface
+        let uevent_path = std::path::Path::new(&base_path).join("uevent");
+        let uevent = std::fs::read_to_string(&uevent_path).unwrap_or_default();
+        // If "DEVTYPE=wlan" appears, it's lying
+        let actually_wifi = uevent.contains("DEVTYPE=wlan");
+        return Ok(reports_as_ethernet && !actually_wifi);
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+    return Ok(true);
+}
+
 pub async fn discover_ethercat_interface() -> Result<String, anyhow::Error> {
-    log::info!("Discovering EtherCAT interface...");
+    tracing::info!("Discovering EtherCAT interface...");
 
     // Set up a custom panic hook that suppresses panic output
     let default_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |panic_info| {
         // Optional: log the panic in a controlled way
         if let Some(location) = panic_info.location() {
-            log::debug!(
+            tracing::debug!(
                 "Suppressed panic in interface test: {} (at {}:{})",
                 panic_info,
                 location.file(),
                 location.line()
             );
         } else {
-            log::debug!("Suppressed panic in interface test: {}", panic_info);
+            tracing::debug!("Suppressed panic in interface test: {}", panic_info);
         }
-        // Don't call the default hook, which would print the backtrace
     }));
 
     // Get eligible interfaces
     let mut interfaces = Interface::get_all()
-        .or_else(|e| Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to get network interfaces: {}", e)))?
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to get network interfaces: {}", e))?
         .into_iter()
         .filter(|iface| {
             iface.is_up()
                 && iface.is_running()
                 && !iface.is_loopback()
+                && is_ethernet(&iface.name).unwrap_or(false)
                 && !iface.name.starts_with("bridge")
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("utun")   // Exclude tunnel interfaces
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("awdl")   // Exclude Apple Wireless Direct Link
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("anpi")   // Exclude Apple Network Privacy Interface
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("llw") // Exclude Apple low-latency WLAN
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    // Sort interfaces by name
     interfaces.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name));
+    let mut interface: Option<&str> = None;
 
-    // Try all interfaces concurrently
-    let tasks = interfaces
-        .iter()
-        .map(|iface| {
-            let name = iface.name.clone();
-            std::thread::spawn(move || {
-                std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
-                    smol::block_on(async {
-                        match test_interface(&name) {
-                            Ok(_) => {
-                                log::debug!("Found working EtherCAT interface: {}", name);
-                                Some(name.clone())
-                            }
-                            Err(e) => {
-                                log::debug!("Interface {} failed: {}", name, e);
-                                None
-                            }
-                        }
-                    })
-                })
-                .unwrap_or(None)
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    for i in 0..interfaces.len() {
+        match test_interface(&interfaces[i].name) {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                // if interface found with ethercat Exit early, we expect only one interface with ethercat
+                interface = Some(&interfaces[i].name);
+                break;
+            }
+            Err(_) => (),
+        }
+    }
 
-    // Return first successful interface
-    let result =
-        tasks
-            .into_iter()
-            .find_map(|task| match task.join().expect("Should join thread") {
-                Some(name) => Some(name),
-                None => None,
-            });
+    for i in 0..interfaces.len() {
+        if interface.is_some() && interface.unwrap() == &interfaces[i].name {
+            set_interface_managed(&interfaces[i].name, false);
+        } else {
+            set_interface_managed(&interfaces[i].name, true);
+        }
+    }
 
     // Restore the default panic hook
     std::panic::set_hook(default_hook);
 
-    match result {
-        Some(name) => Ok(name),
-        None => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("No suitable EtherCAT interface found")),
+    match interface {
+        Some(interface) => return Ok(interface.to_string()),
+        None => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("No suitable EtherCAT interface found")),
     }
 }
 
 fn test_interface(interface: &str) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-    log::debug!("Testing interface: {}", interface);
+    tracing::info!("Testing interface: {}", interface);
 
     let pdu_storage = Box::leak(Box::new(PduStorage::<
         IFACE_DISCOVERY_MAX_FRAMES,
@@ -120,11 +140,25 @@ fn test_interface(interface: &str) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
         let maindevice = Arc::new(MainDevice::new(
             pdu_loop,
             Timeouts {
-                wait_loop_delay: Duration::from_millis(2),
+                // Default 5000ms
+                state_transition: Duration::from_millis(5000),
+                // Default 30_000us
+                pdu: Duration::from_micros(30_000),
+                // Default 10ms
+                eeprom: Duration::from_millis(10),
+                // Default 0ms
+                wait_loop_delay: Duration::from_millis(0),
+                // Default 100ms
+                mailbox_echo: Duration::from_millis(100),
+                // Default 1000ms
                 mailbox_response: Duration::from_millis(1000),
-                ..Default::default()
             },
-            MainDeviceConfig::default(),
+            MainDeviceConfig {
+                // Default 10000
+                dc_static_sync_iterations: 10000,
+                // Default None
+                retry_behaviour: ethercrab::RetryBehaviour::Count(3),
+            },
         ));
 
         let result = maindevice

control-core/src/ethernet/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use std::process::Command;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use interfaces::Interface;
+
+pub mod modbus_tcp_discovery;
+
+/// Returns true if the given network interface is Ethernet.
+/// Prevents testing wlan,loopback and other non ethernet devices
+fn is_ethernet(interface: &str) -> std::io::Result<bool> {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    {
+        let base_path = format!("/sys/class/net/{}", interface);
+        let type_path = std::path::Path::new(&base_path).join("type");
+        let iface_type = std::fs::read_to_string(&type_path)?.trim().to_string();
+        // 1 means Ethernet
+        let reports_as_ethernet = iface_type == "1";
+        // Double-check that it's not a wireless interface
+        let uevent_path = std::path::Path::new(&base_path).join("uevent");
+        let uevent = std::fs::read_to_string(&uevent_path).unwrap_or_default();
+        // If "DEVTYPE=wlan" appears, it's lying
+        let actually_wifi = uevent.contains("DEVTYPE=wlan");
+        Ok(reports_as_ethernet && !actually_wifi)
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+    return Ok(true);
+}
+
+pub fn get_interfaces() -> Result<Vec<Interface>> {
+    let vec = Interface::get_all()
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to get network interfaces: {}", e))?
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|iface| {
+            iface.is_up()
+                && iface.is_running()
+                && !iface.is_loopback()
+                && is_ethernet(&iface.name).unwrap_or(false)
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("bridge")
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("utun")   // Exclude tunnel interfaces
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("awdl")   // Exclude Apple Wireless Direct Link
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("anpi")   // Exclude Apple Network Privacy Interface
+                && !iface.name.starts_with("llw") // Exclude Apple low-latency WLAN
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    Ok(vec)
+}
+
+/// Sets a network interface to unmanaged by NetworkManager.
+/// Returns true if the command succeeded.
+pub fn set_interface_managed(interface: &str, managed: bool) -> bool {
+    let managed_str = match managed {
+        true => "yes",
+        false => "no",
+    };
+    tracing::info!(
+        "set_interface_managed for {} managed was set to: {}",
+        interface,
+        managed_str
+    );
+    let status = Command::new("nmcli")
+        .args(["dev", "set", interface, "managed", managed_str])
+        .status();
+
+    matches!(status, Ok(s) if s.success())
+}

control-core/src/ethernet/modbus_tcp_discovery.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use crate::ethernet::get_interfaces;
+use crate::{futures::FutureIteratorExt, modbus::tcp::ModbusTcpDevice};
+use anyhow::{Result, bail};
+use interfaces::Interface;
+use std::cmp::min;
+use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+
+pub struct ModbusTcpProbe {
+    pub addr: SocketAddr,
+    pub serial: u16,
+}
+
+pub async fn probe_modbus_tcp() -> Vec<ModbusTcpProbe> {
+    let interfaces = match get_interfaces() {
+        Ok(x) => x,
+        Err(_) => return vec![],
+    };
+
+    interfaces
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(probe_modbus_tcp_addresses)
+        .join_all()
+        .await
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .collect()
+}
+
+async fn probe_modbus_tcp_addresses(interface: Interface) -> Vec<ModbusTcpProbe> {
+    let out: Vec<ModbusTcpProbe> = interface
+        .addresses
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|addr| {
+            let a = addr.addr.map(|a| a.ip());
+            let m = addr.mask.map(|a| a.ip());
+
+            match (a, m) {
+                (Some(IpAddr::V4(addr)), Some(IpAddr::V4(mask))) => Some((addr, mask)),
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        })
+        .flat_map(|(addr, mask)| {
+            let a = u32::from(addr);
+            let m = u32::from(mask);
+            let network = a & m;
+
+            let prefix = min(24, m.count_ones()); // mask → prefix length
+            let size = 1u32 << (32 - prefix); // number of addresses
+
+            (200..size).map(move |i| SocketAddr::new(Ipv4Addr::from(network + i).into(), 502))
+        })
+        .map(|addr| smol::spawn(ping_modbus_device(addr)))
+        .join_all()
+        .await
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|x| x.ok())
+        .collect();
+
+    out
+}
+
+async fn ping_modbus_device(addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<ModbusTcpProbe> {
+    let mut device = ModbusTcpDevice::new(addr).await?;
+
+    let module_number1 = device.get_u32(0x2).await?;
+    let module_number2 = device.get_u32(0x4).await?;
+
+    if module_number1 != 0x2787_2144 || module_number2 != 0x0000_0000 {
+        bail!("Unknown modbus tcp device!");
+    }
+
+    let serial = device.get_u32(0x000A).await?;
+
+    Ok(ModbusTcpProbe {
+        addr,
+        serial: serial as u16,
+    })
+}

control-core/src/futures.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use core::future::Future;
+
+// Extension trait for iterators of futures
+pub trait FutureIteratorExt<F>: Iterator<Item = F> + Sized
+where
+    F: Future,
+{
+    /// Await all futures and return their outputs
+    fn join_all(self) -> impl Future<Output = Vec<F::Output>>;
+}
+
+impl<I, F> FutureIteratorExt<F> for I
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = F> + Sized,
+    F: Future,
+{
+    async fn join_all(self) -> Vec<F::Output> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+        for fut in self {
+            out.push(fut.await);
+        }
+
+        out
+    }
+}

control-core/src/helpers/compare_lists.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+pub struct ListChange<'t, T>
+where
+    T: PartialEq,
+{
+    pub added: Vec<&'t T>,
+    pub removed: Vec<&'t T>,
+    pub same: Vec<&'t T>,
+}
+
+pub fn compare_lists<'oldlist, 'newlist, 't, T: PartialEq>(
+    old_list: &'oldlist Vec<T>,
+    new_list: &'newlist Vec<T>,
+) -> ListChange<'t, T>
+where
+    T: PartialEq,
+    'oldlist: 't,
+    'newlist: 't,
+{
+    let mut added = Vec::new();
+    let mut removed = Vec::new();
+    let mut same = Vec::new();
+
+    for item in new_list.iter() {
+        if !old_list.iter().any(|x| x == item) {
+            added.push(item);
+        } else {
+            same.push(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for item in old_list.iter() {
+        if !new_list.iter().any(|x| x == item) {
+            removed.push(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ListChange {
+        added,
+        removed,
+        same,
+    }
+}

control-core/src/helpers/hasher_serializer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::ser::{
+    SerializeMap, SerializeSeq, SerializeStruct, SerializeStructVariant, SerializeTuple,
+    SerializeTupleStruct, SerializeTupleVariant, Serializer,
+};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::hash::{DefaultHasher, Hasher};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct HashSerializerError {}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for HashSerializerError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(&format!("{:?}", self))
+        // f.debug_struct("HashSerialiyerError")
+        // .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for HashSerializerError {}
+
+impl serde::ser::Error for HashSerializerError {
+    fn custom<T>(_msg: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Display,
+    {
+        Self {}
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct HashSerializer<'a, H: Hasher>(&'a mut H);
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeSeq for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeTuple for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeTupleStruct for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeTupleVariant for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeMap for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_key<T>(&mut self, key: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        key.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_value<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeStruct for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        // Optional: hash the field name to avoid collisions
+        self.0.write(key.as_bytes());
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> SerializeStructVariant for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ?Sized + Serialize,
+    {
+        self.0.write(key.as_bytes());
+        value.serialize(HashSerializer(self.0))
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H: Hasher> Serializer for HashSerializer<'_, H> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = HashSerializerError;
+    type SerializeSeq = Self;
+    type SerializeTuple = Self;
+    type SerializeTupleStruct = Self;
+    type SerializeTupleVariant = Self;
+    type SerializeMap = Self;
+    type SerializeStruct = Self;
+    type SerializeStructVariant = Self;
+
+    fn serialize_bool(self, v: bool) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u8(v as u8);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i8(self, v: i8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_i8(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i16(self, v: i16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_i16(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i32(self, v: i32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_i32(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i64(self, v: i64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_i64(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u8(self, v: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u8(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u16(self, v: u16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u16(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u32(self, v: u32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u32(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u64(self, v: u64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u64(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f32(self, v: f32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u32(v.to_bits());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f64(self, v: f64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u64(v.to_bits());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_char(self, v: char) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        let mut buf = [0; 4];
+        self.0.write(v.encode_utf8(&mut buf).as_bytes());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_str(self, v: &str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write(v.as_bytes());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_bytes(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u8(0); // type tag for None
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u8(1); // type tag for Some
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u8(0);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.serialize_unit()
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u32(variant_index);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u32(variant_index);
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    // For sequences, tuples, maps, structs, just return self for now
+    fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+    fn serialize_tuple(self, _len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u32(variant_index);
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+    fn serialize_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+    fn serialize_struct_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Self::Error> {
+        self.0.write_u32(variant_index);
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+}
+
+// A helper that uses Serialize to feed into a Hasher without allocating a buffer:
+pub fn hash_with_serde_model<T: Serialize>(value: T) -> u64 {
+    let mut h = DefaultHasher::new();
+    let ser = HashSerializer(&mut h);
+    value.serialize(ser).expect("serialize to hasher failed");
+    h.finish()
+}

control-core/src/helpers/hashing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/// Folds bytes using XOR to produce a u128 value.
+///
+/// Takes a slice of bytes and XORs them together in chunks to produce a u128.
+/// If there are fewer than 16 bytes, the remaining bytes are padded with zeros.
+pub fn byte_folding_u128(bytes: &[u8]) -> u128 {
+    let mut result = 0u128;
+    for (i, &byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let shift = (i % 16) * 8;
+        result ^= (byte as u128) << shift;
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Folds bytes using XOR to produce a u64 value.
+///
+/// Takes a slice of bytes and XORs them together in chunks to produce a u64.
+/// If there are fewer than 8 bytes, the remaining bytes are padded with zeros.
+pub fn byte_folding_u64(bytes: &[u8]) -> u64 {
+    let mut result = 0u64;
+    for (i, &byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let shift = (i % 8) * 8;
+        result ^= (byte as u64) << shift;
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Folds bytes using XOR to produce a u32 value.
+///
+/// Takes a slice of bytes and XORs them together in chunks to produce a u32.
+/// If there are fewer than 4 bytes, the remaining bytes are padded with zeros.
+pub fn byte_folding_u32(bytes: &[u8]) -> u32 {
+    let mut result = 0u32;
+    for (i, &byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let shift = (i % 4) * 8;
+        result ^= (byte as u32) << shift;
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Folds bytes using XOR to produce a u16 value.
+///
+/// Takes a slice of bytes and XORs them together in chunks to produce a u16.
+/// If there are fewer than 2 bytes, the remaining bytes are padded with zeros.
+pub fn byte_folding_u16(bytes: &[u8]) -> u16 {
+    let mut result = 0u16;
+    for (i, &byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let shift = (i % 2) * 8;
+        result ^= (byte as u16) << shift;
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Folds bytes using XOR to produce a u8 value.
+///
+/// Takes a slice of bytes and XORs them all together to produce a u8.
+pub fn byte_folding_u8(bytes: &[u8]) -> u8 {
+    bytes.iter().fold(0u8, |acc, &byte| acc ^ byte)
+}
+
+/// Computes a djb2 hash of the input bytes.
+///
+/// The djb2 algorithm is a simple non-cryptographic hash function created by
+/// Daniel J. Bernstein. It uses the formula: `hash = hash * 33 + byte` for each byte.
+///
+/// This implementation uses the traditional 32-bit hash value and uses wrapping
+/// arithmetic to handle potential overflows gracefully.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `bytes` - A slice of bytes to hash
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// A 32-bit hash value as a `u32`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use control_core::helpers::hashing::hash_djb2;
+///
+/// let hash = hash_djb2(b"hello world");
+/// assert_ne!(hash, 0);
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Algorithm Details
+///
+/// - Initial hash value: 5381 (djb2 magic number)
+/// - For each byte: `hash = hash * 33 + byte`
+/// - Uses wrapping arithmetic to prevent overflow panics
+pub fn hash_djb2(bytes: &[u8]) -> u32 {
+    let mut hash: u32 = 5381;
+
+    for byte in bytes {
+        hash = hash.wrapping_mul(33).wrapping_add(*byte as u32);
+    }
+    hash
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_hash() {
+    let test_case = "/dev/ttyUSB1";
+    let hash_u32 = hash_djb2(test_case.as_bytes());
+    let hash_u16 = byte_folding_u16(&hash_u32.to_le_bytes());
+    tracing::info!("{}", test_case);
+    assert_eq!(test_case, "/dev/ttyUSB1");
+    assert_eq!(hash_u32, 266121182);
+    assert_eq!(hash_u16, 40962);
+}

control-core/src/helpers/interpolation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+/// Normalizes a value from a given range [min, max] to the range [0, 1].
+///
+/// This function maps a value from an arbitrary range to the standard
+/// normalized range [0, 1]. Values o/// Plot for Steepness = -1:ge are clamped
+/// to the boundaries (0.0 or 1.0).
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `value` - The input value to normalize
+/// * `min` - The minimum value of the input range
+/// * `max` - The maximum value of the input range
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Normalized value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+///
+/// # Panics
+/// * Panics if `min >= max`
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::normalize;
+/// let normalized = normalize(5.0, 0.0, 10.0); // Returns 0.5
+/// let clamped = normalize(-2.0, 0.0, 10.0);   // Returns 0.0 (clamped)
+/// ```
+pub fn normalize<T>(value: T, min: T, max: T) -> f64
+where
+    T: Into<f64>,
+{
+    let value: f64 = value.into();
+    let min: f64 = min.into();
+    let max: f64 = max.into();
+
+    if min >= max {
+        panic!("min must be less than max");
+    }
+    if value < min {
+        return 0.0;
+    } else if value > max {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    (value - min) / (max - min)
+}
+
+/// Scales a normalized value from the range [0, 1] to a new range [new_min, new_max].
+///
+/// This function takes a normalized value (typically from 0 to 1) and maps it
+/// to a new target range. It's the inverse operation of normalization.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `normalized_value` - Input value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+/// * `new_min` - The minimum value of the target range
+/// * `new_max` - The maximum value of the target range
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Scaled value in the range [new_min, new_max]
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::scale;
+/// let scaled = scale(0.5, 0.0, 100.0); // Returns 50.0
+/// let negative_range = scale(0.25, -10.0, 10.0); // Returns -5.0
+/// ```
+pub fn scale<T>(normalized_value: f64, new_min: T, new_max: T) -> T
+where
+    T: Into<f64> + From<f64>,
+{
+    let normalized_value: f64 = normalized_value;
+    let new_min: f64 = new_min.into();
+    let new_max: f64 = new_max.into();
+
+    let result = normalized_value.mul_add(new_max - new_min, new_min);
+    T::from(result)
+}
+
+/// Performs hinge interpolation creating a piecewise linear function.
+///
+/// This function creates a piecewise linear curve that:
+/// - For values < x: linearly interpolates from (0, 0) to (x, y)
+/// - For values > x: linearly interpolates from (x, y) to (1, 1)
+/// - For value == x: returns y
+///
+/// The function assumes the input value is normalized to the range [0, 1],
+/// and creates a "hinge" or "elbow" shape at the point (x, y).
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `value` - The input value (typically in range [0, 1])
+/// * `x` - The x-coordinate of the hinge point (typically in range [0, 1])
+/// * `y` - The y-coordinate of the hinge point (typically in range [0, 1])
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Interpolated value based on the hinge function
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::interpolate_hinge;
+/// // Create a hinge at (0.3, 0.7)
+/// let result1 = interpolate_hinge(0.15, 0.3, 0.7); // Returns 0.35 (halfway to hinge)
+/// let result2 = interpolate_hinge(0.3, 0.3, 0.7);  // Returns 0.7 (at hinge)
+/// let result3 = interpolate_hinge(0.65, 0.3, 0.7); // Returns 0.85 (halfway from hinge to 1)
+/// ```
+/// ```ignore
+/// Hinge at (0.8, 0.2)
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠇⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠤⠤⠒⠒⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡠⠤⠒⠒⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⣀⣀⠤⠤⠔⠒⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠉⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+pub fn interpolate_hinge<T>(value: T, x: T, y: T) -> f64
+where
+    T: Into<f64>,
+{
+    let value_f64: f64 = value.into();
+    let x_f64: f64 = x.into();
+    let y_f64: f64 = y.into();
+
+    // If we are under X we scale linearly from 0 to y
+    // If we are over X we scale linearly from y to 1
+    if value_f64 < x_f64 {
+        normalize(value_f64, 0.0, x_f64) * y_f64
+    } else if value_f64 > x_f64 {
+        normalize(value_f64, x_f64, 1.0).mul_add(1.0 - y_f64, y_f64)
+    } else {
+        y_f64
+    }
+}
+
+/// Transforms a normalized value from the range [0, 1] to a [0, 1] range using a normalized exponential function.
+///
+/// This function creates smooth curves that are either convex (fast start, slow end)
+/// or concave (slow start, fast end) depending on the steepness parameter sign.
+/// The curve always passes through (0,0) and (1,1).
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `normalized_value` - Input value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+/// * `steepness` - Controls the curve shape:
+///   - `steepness = 0.0`: Linear interpolation (y = x)
+///   - `steepness > 0.0`: Convex curve (slow start → fast end)
+///   - `steepness < 0.0`: Concave curve (fast start → slow end)
+///   - Typical range: -5.0 to 5.0 for most applications
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Transformed value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::interpolate_exponential;
+/// let convex = interpolate_exponential(0.5, 2.0);   // Slow start, fast end
+/// let concave = interpolate_exponential(0.5, -2.0); // Fast start, slow end
+/// let linear = interpolate_exponential(0.5, 0.0);   // Linear (returns 0.5)
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Plots
+/// Steepness = -3
+/// Steepness = -3
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡠⠤⠔⠒⠒⠉⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠤⠔⠊⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠒⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⢰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⢀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⢤⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ -0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = -1
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠒⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⢀⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡲⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ -0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = 0
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⢂⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = 1
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠃⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⢂⣀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = 3
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡎⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠤⠔⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⣀⣀⠤⠤⠒⠒⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠉⠉⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+pub fn interpolate_exponential(normalized_value: f64, steepness: f64) -> f64 {
+    if steepness.abs() < 1e-10 {
+        // When a is very close to zero, the function becomes linear
+        return normalized_value;
+    }
+    let numerator = steepness.exp().powf(normalized_value) - 1.0;
+    let denominator = steepness.exp_m1();
+
+    clip(numerator / denominator)
+}
+
+/// A piecewise exponential interpolation function that creates smooth S-curves
+/// through the points (0,0), (0.5,0.5), and (1,1).
+///
+/// The function combines two normalized exponential segments:
+/// - First half (0 to 0.5): inverted exponential (concave, fast start → slow end)
+/// - Second half (0.5 to 1): standard exponential (convex, slow start → fast end)
+///
+/// This creates an S-like curve that's concave then convex, similar to
+/// a smoothed step function or sigmoid-like transition.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `x` - Input value, should be in range [0.0, 1.0]
+/// * `steepness` - Controls how steep the S-curve is
+///   - `steepness = 0.0`: Linear interpolation (y = x)
+///   - `steepness > 0.0`: More pronounced S-curve
+///   - Higher values create sharper transitions at the boundaries
+///   - Typical range: 0.5 to 5.0 for most applications
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Interpolated y value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::interpolate_inflected_exponential;
+/// let y = interpolate_inflected_exponential(0.25, 2.0); // Gentle S-curve
+/// let y = interpolate_inflected_exponential(0.75, 5.0); // Sharp S-curve
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Plots
+/// Steepness = 0.5
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠉⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⢀⠤⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⡠⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡢⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = 1
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠒⠁⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠃⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⡰⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡲⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = 2
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠃⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡠⠤⠒⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠤⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⢠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⡠⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⡠⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+///
+/// Steepness = 5
+/// ```ignore
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁ 1.0
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠇⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡠⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠒⠒⠊⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠒⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡁⠀⠀⢠⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠄⠀⢠⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠂⢀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⣁⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⢼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
+/// ⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠁ 0.0
+/// 0.0                        1.0
+/// ```
+pub fn interpolate_inflected_exponential(x: f64, steepness: f64) -> f64 {
+    debug_assert!((0.0..=1.0).contains(&x), "x must be in range [0.0, 1.0]");
+    debug_assert!(steepness >= 0.0, "steepness must be non-negative");
+
+    if steepness == 0.0 {
+        // Linear case
+        return x;
+    }
+
+    if x <= 0.5 {
+        // First segment: inverted exponential (concave)
+        // Maps [0, 0.5] → [0, 0.5] with concave shape
+        let x_norm = 2.0 * x; // Scale to [0, 1]
+
+        // Use inverted exponential interpolation
+        let result = 1.0 - interpolate_exponential(1.0 - x_norm, steepness);
+        0.5 * result
+    } else {
+        // Second segment: standard exponential (convex)
+        // Maps [0.5, 1] → [0.5, 1] with convex shape
+        let x_norm = 2.0 * (x - 0.5); // Scale to [0, 1]
+
+        // Use standard exponential interpolation
+        let result = interpolate_exponential(x_norm, steepness);
+        0.5f64.mul_add(result, 0.5)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Inverts a value from the range [0, 1] to [1, 0].
+///
+/// This function flips a normalized value, where 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.
+/// Values outside [0, 1] are first clamped to this range before inversion.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `value` - Input value (will be clamped to [0.0, 1.0])
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Inverted value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::invert;
+/// let inverted = invert(0.3); // Returns 0.7
+/// let boundary = invert(0.0); // Returns 1.0
+/// let clamped = invert(1.5);  // Returns 0.0 (input clamped to 1.0 first)
+/// ```
+pub fn invert(value: f64) -> f64 {
+    let value = clip(value);
+    1.0 - value
+}
+
+/// Clips a value to the range [0, 1].
+///
+/// This function ensures that any input value is constrained to the
+/// normalized range [0, 1] by clamping values below 0 to 0 and
+/// values above 1 to 1.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `value` - Input value to clip
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// * Clipped value in range [0.0, 1.0]
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::interpolation::clip;
+/// let normal = clip(0.5);  // Returns 0.5
+/// let low = clip(-0.3);    // Returns 0.0
+/// let high = clip(1.7);    // Returns 1.0
+/// ```
+pub fn clip(value: f64) -> f64 {
+    if value < 0.0 {
+        return 0.0;
+    } else if value > 1.0 {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    value
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use approx::assert_relative_eq;
+
+    const EPSILON: f64 = 1e-10;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_scale() {
+        // Basic normalization with same types
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(5.0f64, 0.0f64, 10.0f64), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(5.0f32, 0.0f32, 10.0f32), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(5i32, 0i32, 10i32), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(5u8, 0u8, 10u8), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Edge cases
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(0.0, 0.0, 10.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(10.0, 0.0, 10.0), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Out of range (should clamp)
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(-5.0, 0.0, 10.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(15.0, 0.0, 10.0), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Different ranges
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(0.0, -10.0, 10.0), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(normalize(5.0, -5.0, 5.0), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_linear() {
+        // Basic interpolation - f64
+        let result_f64: f64 = scale(0.5, 0.0, 10.0);
+        assert_relative_eq!(result_f64, 5.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // For non-f64 return types, we need to use a separate implementation
+        // that uses `as` for the conversion
+
+        // For testing f32 output with f32 input - use direct calculation
+        let normalized_value = 0.5;
+        let new_min_f32 = 0.0f32;
+        let new_max_f32 = 10.0f32;
+        let expected_f32 = (normalized_value * (new_max_f32 as f64 - new_min_f32 as f64)
+            + new_min_f32 as f64) as f32;
+        assert_relative_eq!(expected_f32, 5.0f32, epsilon = EPSILON as f32);
+
+        // Testing i32 return type with direct calculation
+        let new_min_i32 = 0i32;
+        let new_max_i32 = 10i32;
+        let expected_i32 = (normalized_value * (new_max_i32 as f64 - new_min_i32 as f64)
+            + new_min_i32 as f64) as i32;
+        assert_eq!(expected_i32, 5i32);
+
+        // Edge cases
+        assert_relative_eq!(scale(0.0, 0.0, 10.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(scale(1.0, 0.0, 10.0), 10.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Negative ranges
+        assert_relative_eq!(scale(0.5, -10.0, 10.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(scale(0.5, -20.0, -10.0), -15.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_exponential() {
+        // Test boundary points (0,0) and (1,1) for various values of a
+        for a in [-10.0, -5.0, -1.0, -0.1, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0].iter() {
+            assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_exponential(0.0, *a), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+            assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_exponential(1.0, *a), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        }
+
+        // Test behavior for x outside [0,1]
+        let a = 2.0;
+        assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_exponential(-0.1, a), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_exponential(1.1, a), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Test monotonicity - function should be strictly increasing for any a
+        for a in [-10.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 10.0].iter() {
+            let mut prev = interpolate_exponential(0.0, *a);
+            for i in 1..=10 {
+                let x = i as f64 / 10.0;
+                let current = interpolate_exponential(x, *a);
+                assert!(
+                    current > prev,
+                    "Failed monotonicity test at x={}, a={}",
+                    x,
+                    a
+                );
+                prev = current;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Test symmetry property: f(x, a) + f(1-x, -a) ≈ 1
+        for x in [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9].iter() {
+            for a in [0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0].iter() {
+                let sum = interpolate_exponential(*x, *a) + interpolate_exponential(1.0 - *x, -*a);
+                assert_relative_eq!(sum, 1.0, epsilon = 1e-8);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_invert() {
+        assert_relative_eq!(invert(0.0), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(invert(1.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(invert(0.3), 0.7, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(invert(0.5), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Test clipping instead of panicking
+        assert_relative_eq!(invert(-0.1), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(invert(1.1), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_clip() {
+        assert_relative_eq!(clip(0.5), 0.5, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(clip(0.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(clip(1.0), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(clip(-0.5), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(clip(1.5), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_inflected_exponential() {
+        // Test boundary points (0,0), (0.5,0.5), and (1,1) for various steepness values
+        for steepness in [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0].iter() {
+            assert_relative_eq!(
+                interpolate_inflected_exponential(0.0, *steepness),
+                0.0,
+                epsilon = EPSILON
+            );
+            assert_relative_eq!(
+                interpolate_inflected_exponential(0.5, *steepness),
+                0.5,
+                epsilon = EPSILON
+            );
+            assert_relative_eq!(
+                interpolate_inflected_exponential(1.0, *steepness),
+                1.0,
+                epsilon = EPSILON
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Test linear case (steepness = 0)
+        for x in [0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0].iter() {
+            assert_relative_eq!(
+                interpolate_inflected_exponential(*x, 0.0),
+                *x,
+                epsilon = EPSILON
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Test monotonicity - function should be strictly increasing
+        for steepness in [0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0].iter() {
+            let mut prev = interpolate_inflected_exponential(0.0, *steepness);
+            for i in 1..=20 {
+                let x = i as f64 / 20.0;
+                let current = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x, *steepness);
+                assert!(
+                    current >= prev,
+                    "Failed monotonicity test at x={}, steepness={}, prev={}, current={}",
+                    x,
+                    steepness,
+                    prev,
+                    current
+                );
+                prev = current;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Test S-curve property: first half should be concave, second half convex
+        let steepness = 2.0;
+
+        // First half: check concave property (derivative decreasing)
+        let x1 = 0.1;
+        let x2 = 0.2;
+        let x3 = 0.3;
+        let y1 = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x1, steepness);
+        let y2 = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x2, steepness);
+        let y3 = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x3, steepness);
+
+        let slope1 = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1);
+        let slope2 = (y3 - y2) / (x3 - x2);
+        assert!(
+            slope1 > slope2,
+            "First half should be concave (decreasing slope)"
+        );
+
+        // Second half: check convex property (derivative increasing)
+        let x1 = 0.7;
+        let x2 = 0.8;
+        let x3 = 0.9;
+        let y1 = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x1, steepness);
+        let y2 = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x2, steepness);
+        let y3 = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x3, steepness);
+
+        let slope1 = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1);
+        let slope2 = (y3 - y2) / (x3 - x2);
+        assert!(
+            slope1 < slope2,
+            "Second half should be convex (increasing slope)"
+        );
+
+        // Test that output is always in [0, 1] range
+        for steepness in [0.0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0].iter() {
+            for i in 0..=100 {
+                let x = i as f64 / 100.0;
+                let y = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x, *steepness);
+                assert!(
+                    y >= 0.0 && y <= 1.0,
+                    "Output {} out of range [0,1] for x={}, steepness={}",
+                    y,
+                    x,
+                    steepness
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_hinge() {
+        // Test basic functionality with hinge at (0.3, 0.7)
+        let x_hinge = 0.3;
+        let y_hinge = 0.7;
+
+        // Test exact hinge point
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(x_hinge, x_hinge, y_hinge),
+            y_hinge,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test left segment (value < x): should interpolate from (0,0) to (x,y)
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.0, x_hinge, y_hinge),
+            0.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.15, x_hinge, y_hinge),
+            0.35, // 0.15/0.3 * 0.7 = 0.5 * 0.7 = 0.35
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test right segment (value > x): should interpolate from (x,y) to (1,1)
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(1.0, x_hinge, y_hinge),
+            1.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.65, x_hinge, y_hinge),
+            0.85, // y + ((0.65-0.3)/(1.0-0.3)) * (1.0-0.7) = 0.7 + 0.5 * 0.3 = 0.85
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test with different hinge points
+        // Hinge at (0.5, 0.5) - should be linear
+        assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_hinge(0.25, 0.5, 0.5), 0.25, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_hinge(0.75, 0.5, 0.5), 0.75, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Hinge at (0.2, 0.9) - steep left, shallow right
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.1, 0.2, 0.9),
+            0.45, // 0.1/0.2 * 0.9 = 0.5 * 0.9 = 0.45
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.6, 0.2, 0.9),
+            0.95, // 0.9 + ((0.6-0.2)/(1.0-0.2)) * (1.0-0.9) = 0.9 + 0.5 * 0.1 = 0.95
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test edge cases
+        // Hinge at (0, 0)
+        assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_hinge(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), 0.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.5, 0.0, 0.0),
+            0.5, // Should interpolate from (0,0) to (1,1)
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Hinge at (1, 1)
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.5, 1.0, 1.0),
+            0.5, // Should interpolate from (0,0) to (1,1)
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+        assert_relative_eq!(interpolate_hinge(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), 1.0, epsilon = EPSILON);
+
+        // Test with different numeric types
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(0.5f32, 0.3f32, 0.7f32),
+            0.7857142857142857, // 0.7 + ((0.5-0.3)/(1.0-0.3)) * (1.0-0.7) = 0.7 + (2/7) * 0.3
+            epsilon = 1e-7      // Relaxed epsilon for f32 precision
+        );
+        assert_relative_eq!(
+            interpolate_hinge(1u8, 0u8, 1u8), // 1.0, 0.0, 1.0 - should return 1.0
+            1.0,
+            epsilon = EPSILON
+        );
+
+        // Test monotonicity - function should be non-decreasing
+        let test_x = 0.4;
+        let test_y = 0.6;
+        let mut prev = interpolate_hinge(0.0, test_x, test_y);
+
+        for i in 1..=20 {
+            let value = i as f64 / 20.0;
+            let current = interpolate_hinge(value, test_x, test_y);
+            assert!(
+                current >= prev,
+                "Failed monotonicity test at value={}, x={}, y={}, prev={}, current={}",
+                value,
+                test_x,
+                test_y,
+                prev,
+                current
+            );
+            prev = current;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_exponential_graph() {
+        use textplots::{Chart, Plot, Shape};
+
+        println!("\n=== Exponential Interpolation Examples ===");
+
+        // Test different steepness values (both positive and negative)
+        let steepness_values = [-3.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 3.0];
+
+        for steepness in steepness_values.iter() {
+            println!("\nSteepness = {}", steepness);
+
+            // Generate data points
+            let points: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..=50)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let x = i as f64 / 50.0;
+                    let y = interpolate_exponential(x, *steepness);
+                    (x as f32, y as f32)
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            // Create and display chart
+            Chart::new(60, 60, 0.0, 1.0)
+                .lineplot(&Shape::Lines(&points))
+                .display();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_hinge_graph() {
+        use textplots::{Chart, Plot, Shape};
+
+        println!("\n=== hinge Interpolation Examples ===");
+
+        // Test different hinge points
+        let hinges = [(0.3, 0.7), (0.5, 0.5), (0.2, 0.9), (0.8, 0.2)];
+
+        for &(x_hinge, y_hinge) in hinges.iter() {
+            println!("\nHinge at ({}, {})", x_hinge, y_hinge);
+
+            // Generate data points
+            let points: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..=50)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let x = i as f64 / 50.0;
+                    let y = interpolate_hinge(x, x_hinge, y_hinge);
+                    (x as f32, y as f32)
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            // Create and display chart
+            Chart::new(60, 60, 0.0, 1.0)
+                .lineplot(&Shape::Lines(&points))
+                .display();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_interpolate_inflected_exponential_graph() {
+        use textplots::{Chart, Plot, Shape};
+
+        // Test different steepness values
+        let steepness_values = [0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0];
+
+        for steepness in steepness_values.iter() {
+            println!("\nSteepness = {}", steepness);
+
+            // Generate data points
+            let points: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..=50)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let x = i as f64 / 50.0;
+                    let y = interpolate_inflected_exponential(x, *steepness);
+                    (x as f32, y as f32)
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            // Create and display chart
+            Chart::new(60, 60, 0.0, 1.0)
+                .lineplot(&Shape::Lines(&points))
+                .display();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_normalize_invalid_range() {
+        normalize(5.0, 10.0, 5.0); // min >= max should panic
+    }
+}

control-core/src/helpers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub mod compare_lists;
+pub mod hasher_serializer;
+pub mod hashing;
+pub mod interpolation;
+pub mod moving_time_window;
+pub mod retry;

control-core/src/helpers/moving_time_window.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+use std::{
+    collections::VecDeque,
+    iter::Sum,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+/// A helper trait to handle division for averaging
+pub trait DivideByCount {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl DivideByCount for f64 {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self {
+        self / (count as Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DivideByCount for f32 {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self {
+        self / (count as Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DivideByCount for i32 {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self {
+        self / (count as Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DivideByCount for i64 {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self {
+        self / (count as Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DivideByCount for u32 {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self {
+        self / (count as Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DivideByCount for u64 {
+    fn divide_by_count(self, count: usize) -> Self {
+        self / (count as Self)
+    }
+}
+
+// Type aliases for common use cases
+pub type F64Window = MovingTimeWindow<f64>;
+pub type F32Window = MovingTimeWindow<f32>;
+pub type I32Window = MovingTimeWindow<i32>;
+pub type I64Window = MovingTimeWindow<i64>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MovingTimeWindow<T>
+where
+    T: Copy + PartialOrd + Sum + DivideByCount + std::fmt::Debug + Default,
+{
+    max_samples: usize,
+    samples: VecDeque<(T, Instant)>,
+    last_sample: Option<(T, Instant)>,
+    sample_time: Duration,
+    cached_average: Option<T>,
+    cached_max: Option<T>,
+    cached_min: Option<T>,
+}
+
+/// A time-based moving window that maintains samples within a specified duration and count limit.
+///
+/// This structure efficiently tracks values over time, automatically removing samples that fall
+/// outside the configured time window or exceed the maximum sample count. It provides cached
+/// average calculation to avoid redundant computations.
+impl<T> MovingTimeWindow<T>
+where
+    T: Copy + PartialOrd + Sum + DivideByCount + std::fmt::Debug + Default,
+{
+    /// Creates a new moving time window with the specified duration and maximum sample count.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `duration` - The time window duration; samples older than this will be automatically removed
+    /// * `samples` - Maximum number of samples to retain, regardless of their age
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// A new `MovingTimeWindow` instance with empty sample collection and initialized cache
+    pub fn new(duration: Duration, max_samples: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            max_samples,
+            samples: VecDeque::with_capacity(max_samples),
+            last_sample: None,
+            sample_time: duration / (max_samples as u32),
+            cached_average: None,
+            cached_max: None,
+            cached_min: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Updates the window with a new sample value at the given timestamp.
+    ///
+    /// This method adds the new sample to the window and automatically removes samples that:
+    /// - Are older than the configured duration from the current timestamp
+    /// - Exceed the maximum sample count limit
+    ///
+    /// The cached average is invalidated after this operation.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `value` - The numeric value to add to the window
+    /// * `timestamp` - The time at which this sample was taken
+    pub fn update(&mut self, value: T, timestamp: Instant) {
+        // Chekc if we should add a new sample based on the sample time and the last sample
+        if let Some((_, last_timestamp)) = self.last_sample {
+            if timestamp.duration_since(last_timestamp) < self.sample_time {
+                // If the new sample is too close to the last one, we skip adding it
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If we have reached the maximum sample count, remove the oldest sample
+        if self.samples.len() >= self.max_samples {
+            self.samples.pop_back();
+        }
+
+        // Add the new sample
+        self.samples.push_front((value, timestamp));
+        self.last_sample = Some((value, timestamp));
+
+        // Invalidate all cached values since we added a new sample
+        self.cached_average = None;
+        self.cached_max = None;
+        self.cached_min = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Calculates and returns the average of all samples currently in the window.
+    ///
+    /// This method uses caching to avoid redundant calculations. The average is only
+    /// recalculated when the window contents have changed since the last call.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// The arithmetic mean of all current samples, or T::default() if the window is empty
+    pub fn average(&mut self) -> T {
+        // Return cached value if available
+        if let Some(cached) = self.cached_average {
+            return cached;
+        }
+
+        let sum: T = self.samples.iter().map(|(v, _)| *v).sum();
+        let count = self.samples.len();
+
+        let avg = if count > 0 {
+            sum.divide_by_count(count)
+        } else {
+            T::default()
+        };
+
+        // Cache the calculated value
+        self.cached_average = Some(avg);
+        avg
+    }
+
+    /// Calculates and returns the maximum value of all samples currently in the window.
+    ///
+    /// This method uses caching to avoid redundant calculations. The maximum is only
+    /// recalculated when the window contents have changed since the last call.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// The maximum value of all current samples, or T::default() if the window is empty
+    pub fn max(&mut self) -> T {
+        // Return cached value if available
+        if let Some(cached) = self.cached_max {
+            return cached;
+        }
+
+        let result = self
+            .samples
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(v, _)| *v)
+            .fold(None, |acc, val| {
+                acc.map_or(Some(val), |current_max| {
+                    if val > current_max {
+                        Some(val)
+                    } else {
+                        Some(current_max)
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        // Cache the calculated value
+        self.cached_max = Some(result);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Calculates and returns the minimum value of all samples currently in the window.
+    ///
+    /// This method uses caching to avoid redundant calculations. The minimum is only
+    /// recalculated when the window contents have changed since the last call.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// The minimum value of all current samples, or T::default() if the window is empty
+    pub fn min(&mut self) -> T {
+        // Return cached value if available
+        if let Some(cached) = self.cached_min {
+            return cached;
+        }
+
+        let result = self
+            .samples
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(v, _)| *v)
+            .fold(None, |acc, val| {
+                acc.map_or(Some(val), |current_min| {
+                    if val < current_min {
+                        Some(val)
+                    } else {
+                        Some(current_min)
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        // Cache the calculated value
+        self.cached_min = Some(result);
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_generic() {
+        // Test that the struct compiles with basic numeric types
+        let _: MovingTimeWindow<f64> = MovingTimeWindow::new(Duration::from_secs(1), 1);
+        let _: MovingTimeWindow<f32> = MovingTimeWindow::new(Duration::from_secs(1), 1);
+        let _: MovingTimeWindow<i32> = MovingTimeWindow::new(Duration::from_secs(1), 1);
+    }
+}

control-core/src/helpers/retry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+use std::future::Future;
+
+/// Retries a fallible operation up to `n` times synchronously.
+///
+/// This function executes the provided closure `f` repeatedly until either:
+/// - The operation succeeds (returns `Ok(T)`)
+/// - All retry attempts are exhausted
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `n` - The maximum number of retry attempts (0 means only one attempt)
+/// * `f` - A mutable closure that returns a `Result<T, E>`
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(T)` if any attempt succeeds, or `Err(E)` containing the error
+/// from the last failed attempt if all retries are exhausted.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::retry::retry_n_times;
+///
+/// let mut attempt = 0;
+/// let result = retry_n_times(3, || {
+///     attempt += 1;
+///     if attempt < 3 {
+///         Err("failed")
+///     } else {
+///         Ok("success")
+///     }
+/// });
+/// assert_eq!(result, Ok("success"));
+/// ```
+pub fn retry_n_times<T, E, F>(n: usize, mut f: F) -> Result<T, E>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> Result<T, E>,
+{
+    let mut last_err: Option<E> = None;
+    for _ in 0..=n {
+        match f() {
+            Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
+            Err(err) => last_err = Some(err),
+        }
+    }
+    Err(last_err.unwrap())
+}
+
+/// Retries a fallible async operation up to `n` times.
+///
+/// This function executes the provided async closure `f` repeatedly until either:
+/// - The operation succeeds (returns `Ok(T)`)
+/// - All retry attempts are exhausted
+///
+/// Each attempt is awaited before proceeding to the next retry or returning.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `n` - The maximum number of retry attempts (0 means only one attempt)
+/// * `f` - A mutable closure that returns a `Future<Output = Result<T, E>>`
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(T)` if any attempt succeeds, or `Err(E)` containing the error
+/// from the last failed attempt if all retries are exhausted.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::retry::retry_n_times_async;
+/// use std::sync::Arc;
+/// use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+///
+/// async fn example() {
+///     let attempt = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+///     let attempt_clone = attempt.clone();
+///     let result = retry_n_times_async(3, move || {
+///         let attempt = attempt_clone.clone();
+///         async move {
+///             let current = attempt.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
+///             if current < 3 {
+///                 Err("failed")
+///             } else {
+///                 Ok("success")
+///             }
+///         }
+///     }).await;
+///     assert_eq!(result, Ok("success"));
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub async fn retry_n_times_async<T, E, F, Fut>(n: usize, mut f: F) -> Result<T, E>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> Fut,
+    Fut: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+{
+    let mut last_err: Option<E> = None;
+    for _ in 0..=n {
+        match f().await {
+            Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
+            Err(err) => last_err = Some(err),
+        }
+    }
+    Err(last_err.unwrap())
+}
+
+/// Retries a fallible operation until a closure decides to stop retrying.
+///
+/// This function executes the provided closure `f` repeatedly until either:
+/// - The operation succeeds (returns `Ok(T)`)
+/// - The retry condition returns false
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `f` - A mutable closure that returns a `Result<T, E>`
+/// * `should_retry` - A closure that takes `&E` and returns `bool` to decide if retry should continue
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(T)` if any attempt succeeds, or `Err(E)` containing the error
+/// from the last failed attempt when retries stop.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::retry::retry_conditionally;
+///
+/// let mut attempt = 0;
+/// let result = retry_conditionally(
+///     || {
+///         attempt += 1;
+///         if attempt < 3 {
+///             Err(format!("failed attempt {}", attempt))
+///         } else {
+///             Ok("success")
+///         }
+///     },
+///     |err| {
+///         // Retry up to 3 times
+///         !err.contains("attempt 3")
+///     }
+/// );
+/// assert_eq!(result, Ok("success"));
+/// ```
+pub fn retry_conditionally<T, E, F, R>(mut f: F, mut should_retry: R) -> Result<T, E>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> Result<T, E>,
+    R: FnMut(&E) -> bool,
+{
+    loop {
+        match f() {
+            Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
+            Err(err) => {
+                if !should_retry(&err) {
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Retries a fallible async operation until a closure decides to stop retrying.
+///
+/// This function executes the provided async closure `f` repeatedly until either:
+/// - The operation succeeds (returns `Ok(T)`)
+/// - The retry condition returns false
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `f` - A mutable closure that returns a `Future<Output = Result<T, E>>`
+/// * `should_retry` - A closure that takes `&E` and returns `bool` to decide if retry should continue
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(T)` if any attempt succeeds, or `Err(E)` containing the error
+/// from the last failed attempt when retries stop.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use control_core::helpers::retry::retry_conditionally_async;
+/// use std::sync::Arc;
+/// use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+///
+/// async fn example() {
+///     let attempt = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+///     let attempt_clone = attempt.clone();
+///     let result = retry_conditionally_async(
+///         move || {
+///             let attempt = attempt_clone.clone();
+///             async move {
+///                 let current = attempt.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
+///                 if current < 3 {
+///                     Err(format!("failed attempt {}", current))
+///                 } else {
+///                     Ok("success")
+///                 }
+///             }
+///         },
+///         |err| {
+///             // Retry up to 3 times
+///             !err.contains("attempt 3")
+///         }
+///     ).await;
+///     assert_eq!(result, Ok("success"));
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub async fn retry_conditionally_async<T, E, F, Fut, R>(
+    mut f: F,
+    mut should_retry: R,
+) -> Result<T, E>
+where
+    F: FnMut() -> Fut,
+    Fut: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+    R: FnMut(&E) -> bool,
+{
+    loop {
+        match f().await {
+            Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
+            Err(err) => {
+                if !should_retry(&err) {
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+    use std::rc::Rc;
+
+    // Simple blocking executor for async functions in tests
+    fn block_on<F: std::future::Future>(future: F) -> F::Output {
+        use std::sync::Arc;
+        use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+        use std::thread;
+
+        struct DummyWaker;
+        impl std::task::Wake for DummyWaker {
+            fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {}
+        }
+
+        let waker = Waker::from(Arc::new(DummyWaker));
+        let mut context = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+        let mut future = Box::pin(future);
+
+        loop {
+            match future.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+                Poll::Ready(result) => return result,
+                Poll::Pending => {
+                    thread::yield_now();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_success_first_attempt() {
+        let result = retry_n_times(3, || Ok::<i32, &str>(42));
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(42));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_success_after_failures() {
+        let mut attempt = 0;
+        let result = retry_n_times(3, || {
+            attempt += 1;
+            if attempt < 3 { Err("failed") } else { Ok(42) }
+        });
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(42));
+        assert_eq!(attempt, 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_all_attempts_fail() {
+        let mut attempt = 0;
+        let result: Result<i32, &str> = retry_n_times(2, || {
+            attempt += 1;
+            Err("always fails")
+        });
+        assert_eq!(result, Err("always fails"));
+        assert_eq!(attempt, 3); // 0..=2 means 3 attempts
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_zero_retries() {
+        let mut attempt = 0;
+        let result: Result<i32, &str> = retry_n_times(0, || {
+            attempt += 1;
+            Err("failed")
+        });
+        assert_eq!(result, Err("failed"));
+        assert_eq!(attempt, 1); // Only one attempt
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_async_success_first_attempt() {
+        let result = block_on(retry_n_times_async(3, || async { Ok::<i32, &str>(42) }));
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(42));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_async_success_after_failures() {
+        let attempt = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+        let attempt_clone = attempt.clone();
+        let result = block_on(retry_n_times_async(3, move || {
+            let attempt = attempt_clone.clone();
+            async move {
+                let mut a = attempt.borrow_mut();
+                *a += 1;
+                if *a < 3 { Err("failed") } else { Ok(42) }
+            }
+        }));
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(42));
+        assert_eq!(*attempt.borrow(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_async_all_attempts_fail() {
+        let attempt = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+        let attempt_clone = attempt.clone();
+        let result: Result<i32, &str> = block_on(retry_n_times_async(2, move || {
+            let attempt = attempt_clone.clone();
+            async move {
+                let mut a = attempt.borrow_mut();
+                *a += 1;
+                Err("always fails")
+            }
+        }));
+        assert_eq!(result, Err("always fails"));
+        assert_eq!(*attempt.borrow(), 3); // 0..=2 means 3 attempts
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_and_success_with_condition() {
+        let mut attempt = 0;
+        let result: Result<i32, String> = retry_conditionally(
+            || {
+                attempt += 1;
+                if attempt < 3 {
+                    Err(format!("failed attempt {}", attempt))
+                } else {
+                    Ok(42)
+                }
+            },
+            |err| {
+                // Retry as long as it's not the 3rd attempt
+                !err.contains("attempt 3")
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(42));
+        assert_eq!(attempt, 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_and_stop_early() {
+        let mut attempt = 0;
+        let result: Result<i32, String> = retry_conditionally(
+            || {
+                attempt += 1;
+                Err(format!("failed attempt {}", attempt))
+            },
+            |_err| {
+                // Stop after first failure
+                false
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(attempt, 1);
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err(), "failed attempt 1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_async_success_with_condition() {
+        let attempt = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+        let attempt_clone = attempt.clone();
+        let result: Result<i32, String> = block_on(retry_conditionally_async(
+            move || {
+                let attempt = attempt_clone.clone();
+                async move {
+                    let mut a = attempt.borrow_mut();
+                    *a += 1;
+                    if *a < 3 {
+                        Err(format!("failed attempt {}", *a))
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(42)
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            |err| {
+                // Retry as long as it's not the 3rd attempt
+                !err.contains("attempt 3")
+            },
+        ));
+
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(42));
+        assert_eq!(*attempt.borrow(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_retry_async_stop_early() {
+        let attempt = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+        let attempt_clone = attempt.clone();
+        let result: Result<i32, String> = block_on(retry_conditionally_async(
+            move || {
+                let attempt = attempt_clone.clone();
+                async move {
+                    let mut a = attempt.borrow_mut();
+                    *a += 1;
+                    Err(format!("failed attempt {}", *a))
+                }
+            },
+            |_err| {
+                // Stop after first failure
+                false
+            },
+        ));
+
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(*attempt.borrow(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err(), "failed attempt 1");
+    }
+}

control-core/src/identification/mod.rs

@@ -1,391 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
-
-use anyhow::Error;
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::ek1100::EK1100_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el1008::EL1008_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el2002::EL2002_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el2008::EL2008_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el2521::{
-    EL2521_IDENTITY_0000_A, EL2521_IDENTITY_0000_B, EL2521_IDENTITY_0024_A,
-};
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el2522::EL2522_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el3001::EL3001_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el3021::EL3021_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el3024::EL3024_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el6021::EL6021_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el7031::EL7031_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::el7041_0052::EL7041_0052_IDENTITY_A;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::subdevice_identity_to_tuple;
-use ethercat_hal::types::EthercrabSubDeviceGroupPreoperational;
-use ethercat_hal::types::EthercrabSubDeviceOperational;
-use ethercat_hal::types::EthercrabSubDevicePreoperational;
-use ethercrab::MainDevice;
-use ethercrab::SubDeviceIdentity;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde::Serialize;
-
-/// Identifies a spacifi machine
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Default, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct MachineIdentificationUnique {
-    pub vendor: u16,
-    pub serial: u16,
-    pub machine: u16,
-}
-
-impl Display for MachineIdentificationUnique {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "vendor: {}, serial: {}, machine: {}",
-            self.vendor, self.serial, self.machine
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-/// Identifies a machine
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Default, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct MachineIdentification {
-    pub vendor: u16,
-    pub machine: u16,
-}
-
-impl MachineIdentification {
-    pub fn new(vendor: u16, machine: u16) -> Self {
-        Self { vendor, machine }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for MachineIdentification {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "vendor: {}, machine: {}", self.vendor, self.machine)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&MachineIdentificationUnique> for MachineIdentification {
-    fn from(mdi: &MachineIdentificationUnique) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            vendor: mdi.vendor,
-            machine: mdi.machine,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct MachineDeviceIdentification {
-    pub machine_identification_unique: MachineIdentificationUnique,
-    pub role: u16,
-    pub subdevice_index: usize,
-}
-
-impl Display for MachineDeviceIdentification {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{} role: 0x{:08x} subdevice_index: {}",
-            self.machine_identification_unique, self.role, self.subdevice_index
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses {
-    pub vendor_word: u16,
-    pub serial_word: u16,
-    pub machine_word: u16,
-    pub role_word: u16,
-}
-
-impl MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses {
-    pub fn new(vendor_word: u16, serial_word: u16, machine_word: u16, device_word: u16) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            vendor_word,
-            serial_word,
-            machine_word,
-            role_word: device_word,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            vendor_word: 0x0028,
-            serial_word: 0x0029,
-            machine_word: 0x002a,
-            role_word: 0x002b,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// reads the EEPROM of all subdevices and groups them by machine identification
-///
-/// Return 0: Vec<DeviceGroupDevice> - a vector of devices grouped by machine identification
-/// Return 1: Vec<(usize, MachineDeviceIdentification)> - a vector of devices that could not be identified
-pub async fn identify_device_groups<
-    'maindevice,
-    const MAX_SUBDEVICES: usize,
-    const MAX_PDI: usize,
->(
-    subdevices: &EthercrabSubDeviceGroupPreoperational<MAX_SUBDEVICES, MAX_PDI>,
-    maindevice: &MainDevice<'maindevice>,
-) -> Result<
-    (
-        Vec<Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>>,
-        Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-    ),
-    Error,
-> {
-    let mut device_groups: Vec<Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>> = Vec::new();
-    // 0: subdevice index 1: machine device identification
-    let mut unidentified_devices: Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification> = Vec::new();
-
-    for (subdevice_index, subdevice) in subdevices.iter(maindevice).enumerate() {
-        let mdid = machine_device_identification(&subdevice, subdevice_index, maindevice).await?;
-
-        // if vendor or serial or machine is 0, it is not a valid machine device
-        if mdid.machine_identification_unique == MachineIdentificationUnique::default() {
-            unidentified_devices.push(mdid);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let mut found = false;
-        for device_group in device_groups.iter_mut() {
-            if device_group
-                .first()
-                .map(|d| &d.machine_identification_unique)
-                == Some(&mdid.machine_identification_unique)
-            {
-                device_group.push(mdid.clone());
-                found = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if !found {
-            device_groups.push(vec![mdid]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((device_groups, unidentified_devices))
-}
-
-/// Reads the machine device identification from the EEPROM
-pub async fn machine_device_identification<'maindevice>(
-    subdevice: &'maindevice EthercrabSubDevicePreoperational<'maindevice>,
-    subdevice_index: usize,
-    maindevice: &MainDevice<'_>,
-) -> Result<MachineDeviceIdentification, Error> {
-    let addresses = match get_identification_addresses(&subdevice.identity(), subdevice.name()) {
-        Ok(x) => x,
-        Err(e) => {
-            u16dump(subdevice, maindevice, 0, 128).await?;
-            return Err(e);
-        }
-    };
-
-    let mdi = MachineDeviceIdentification {
-        machine_identification_unique: MachineIdentificationUnique {
-            vendor: subdevice
-                .eeprom_read::<u16>(maindevice, addresses.vendor_word)
-                .await
-                .or(Err(anyhow!(
-                    "[{}::machine_device_identification] Failed to read vendor from EEPROM for device {}",
-                    module_path!(),
-                    subdevice.name()
-                )))?,
-            serial: subdevice
-                .eeprom_read::<u16>(maindevice, addresses.serial_word)
-                .await
-                .or(Err(anyhow!(
-                    "[{}::machine_device_identification] Failed to read serial from EEPROM for device {}",
-                    module_path!(),
-                    subdevice.name()
-                )))?,
-            machine: subdevice
-                .eeprom_read::<u16>(maindevice, addresses.machine_word)
-                .await
-                .or(Err(anyhow!(
-                    "[{}::machine_device_identification] Failed to read machine from EEPROM for device {}",
-                    module_path!(),
-                    subdevice.name()
-                )))?,
-        },
-        role: subdevice
-            .eeprom_read::<u16>(maindevice, addresses.role_word)
-            .await
-            .or(Err(anyhow!(
-                "[{}::machine_device_identification] Failed to read role from EEPROM for device {}",
-                module_path!(),
-                subdevice.name()
-            )))?,
-        subdevice_index: subdevice_index,
-    };
-
-    log::debug!(
-        "[{}::machine_device_identification] Read MDI from EEPROM for device {}\nVendor:  0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}\nSerial:  0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}\nMachine: 0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}\nRole:    0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}",
-        module_path!(),
-        subdevice.name(),
-        mdi.machine_identification_unique.vendor,
-        addresses.vendor_word,
-        addresses.vendor_word + 1,
-        mdi.machine_identification_unique.serial,
-        addresses.serial_word,
-        addresses.serial_word + 1,
-        mdi.machine_identification_unique.machine,
-        addresses.machine_word,
-        addresses.machine_word + 1,
-        mdi.role,
-        addresses.role_word,
-        addresses.role_word + 1,
-    );
-
-    Ok(mdi)
-}
-
-/// Writes the machine device identification to the EEPROM
-pub async fn write_machine_device_identification<'maindevice, const MAX_PDI: usize>(
-    subdevice: &EthercrabSubDeviceOperational<'maindevice, MAX_PDI>,
-    maindevice: &MainDevice<'_>,
-    identification: &MachineDeviceIdentification,
-) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let addresses = get_identification_addresses(&subdevice.identity(), subdevice.name())?;
-    log::debug!(
-        "[{}::write_machine_device_identification] Writing MDI to EEPROM for device {}\nVendor:  0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}\nSerial:  0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}\nMachine: 0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}\nRole:    0x{:08x} at 0x{:04x}-0x{:04x}",
-        module_path!(),
-        subdevice.name(),
-        identification.machine_identification_unique.vendor,
-        addresses.vendor_word,
-        addresses.vendor_word + 1,
-        identification.machine_identification_unique.serial,
-        addresses.serial_word,
-        addresses.serial_word + 1,
-        identification.machine_identification_unique.machine,
-        addresses.machine_word,
-        addresses.machine_word + 1,
-        identification.role,
-        addresses.role_word,
-        addresses.role_word + 1,
-    );
-
-    subdevice
-        .eeprom_write_dangerously(
-            maindevice,
-            addresses.vendor_word,
-            identification.machine_identification_unique.vendor,
-        )
-        .await?;
-    subdevice
-        .eeprom_write_dangerously(
-            maindevice,
-            addresses.serial_word,
-            identification.machine_identification_unique.serial,
-        )
-        .await?;
-    subdevice
-        .eeprom_write_dangerously(
-            maindevice,
-            addresses.machine_word,
-            identification.machine_identification_unique.machine,
-        )
-        .await?;
-    subdevice
-        .eeprom_write_dangerously(maindevice, addresses.role_word, identification.role)
-        .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Returns the EEPROM addresses for the machine device identification
-/// based on the subdevice's identity
-pub fn get_identification_addresses<'maindevice>(
-    subdevice_identity: &SubDeviceIdentity,
-    subdevice_name: &str,
-) -> Result<MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses, Error> {
-    let identity_tuple = subdevice_identity_to_tuple(&subdevice_identity);
-
-    Ok(match identity_tuple {
-        EK1100_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL1008_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL2002_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL2008_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL3001_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL2521_IDENTITY_0000_A | EL2521_IDENTITY_0000_B | EL2521_IDENTITY_0024_A => {
-            MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default()
-        }
-        EL2522_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL3024_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL3021_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL7031_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL7041_0052_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        EL6021_IDENTITY_A => MachineDeviceIdentificationAddresses::default(),
-        _ => {
-            // block_on(u16dump(&subdevice, maindevice, 0x00, 0xff))?;
-            Err(anyhow!(
-                "[{}::get_identification_addresses] Unknown MDI addresses for device {:?} vendor: 0x{:08x} product: 0x{:08x} revision: 0x{:08x}",
-                module_path!(),
-                subdevice_name,
-                subdevice_identity.vendor_id,
-                subdevice_identity.product_id,
-                subdevice_identity.revision
-            ))?
-        }
-    })
-}
-
-async fn u16dump<'maindevice>(
-    subdevice: &'maindevice EthercrabSubDevicePreoperational<'maindevice>,
-    maindevice: &MainDevice<'maindevice>,
-    start_byte: u16,
-    end_byte: u16,
-) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let mut words: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
-    for word in start_byte..end_byte {
-        words.push(subdevice.eeprom_read(maindevice, word).await?);
-    }
-
-    print!(
-        "EEPROM dump for {} from 0x{:04x} to 0x{:04x}\n",
-        subdevice.name(),
-        start_byte / 2,
-        end_byte / 2
-    );
-
-    u16print(start_byte, end_byte, words);
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn u16print(start_byte: u16, end_byte: u16, data: Vec<u16>) {
-    let table_start_word = start_byte & 0xfff0;
-    let table_end_word = (end_byte & 0xfff0_u16) + 0x10_u16;
-
-    let rows = table_end_word - table_start_word >> 4;
-
-    for row in 0..rows {
-        print!("0x{:04x} | ", (table_start_word + row * 0x10) / 2);
-        for word in 0..8 {
-            let word_address = row * 8 + word;
-            if word_address < start_byte {
-                print!("     ");
-            } else {
-                let i = (word_address - start_byte) as usize;
-                if i > data.len() - 1 {
-                    print!("     ");
-                } else {
-                    print!("{:04x} ", data[i]);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        print!("\n");
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_hexprint() {
-        let data = vec![0x0000, 0x1ced];
-        u16print(0x01, 0x40, data);
-    }
-}

control-core/src/irq_handling.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+use libc;
+use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::io;
+use std::str;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn read_proc_interrupts() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    let path = CString::new("/proc/interrupts").unwrap();
+    // O_RDONLY
+    let fd = unsafe { libc::open(path.as_ptr(), libc::O_RDONLY) };
+    if fd < 0 {
+        return Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(-fd));
+    }
+
+    let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+    let mut chunk = [0u8; 8192];
+
+    loop {
+        let n = unsafe { libc::read(fd, chunk.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, chunk.len()) };
+        if n < 0 {
+            let e = io::Error::from_raw_os_error(-n as i32);
+            unsafe { libc::close(fd) };
+            return Err(e);
+        } else if n == 0 {
+            break;
+        } else {
+            buf.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..n as usize]);
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe { libc::close(fd) };
+    Ok(String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf).into_owned())
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn get_interface_irq(proc_content: &str, interface_name: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    for line in proc_content.lines() {
+        if line.contains(interface_name) {
+            if let Some(colon_pos) = line.find(':') {
+                let head = &line[..colon_pos].trim();
+                // try parse head as integer IRQ number
+                if let Ok(irq) = head.parse::<u32>() {
+                    return Some(irq);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// Since kernel 3.0 it’s possible to use the /proc/irq/<IRQ-NUMBER>/smp_affinity_list
+/// With comma seperated values
+/// This function takes the irq identifier and writes the cpu string
+/// into /proc/irq/irq_number/smp_affinity_list
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn set_irq_affinity_raw(irq: u32, cpu: &str) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    let path: String = format!("/proc/irq/{}/smp_affinity_list", irq);
+    let cpath = CString::new(path.clone()).unwrap();
+    // We want to completely overwrite the smp affinities, so that we guarentee execution on the specified cores
+    let file_descriptor = unsafe { libc::open(cpath.as_ptr(), libc::O_WRONLY) };
+
+    if file_descriptor < 0 {
+        tracing::info!("Permission denied to write: {}", path);
+        return Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
+            format!("failed to open {}: errno {}", path, -file_descriptor),
+        ));
+    }
+    // convert to "raw bytes"
+    // cpu needs to be a string because we need the raw ascii code 48 = '0' and so on as bytes
+    let bytes = cpu.as_bytes();
+    let mut bytes_written_total = 0usize;
+
+    while bytes_written_total < bytes.len() {
+        let to_write = &bytes[bytes_written_total..];
+        let bytes_written = unsafe {
+            libc::write(
+                file_descriptor,
+                to_write.as_ptr() as *const _,
+                to_write.len(),
+            )
+        };
+        if bytes_written < 0 {
+            let e = io::Error::from_raw_os_error(-bytes_written as i32);
+            unsafe { libc::close(file_descriptor) };
+            return Err(e);
+        }
+        bytes_written_total += bytes_written as usize;
+    }
+    unsafe { libc::close(file_descriptor) };
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// This is used to make sure that a given irq handler runs on the expected cpu
+/// On Realtime systems this is the make or break fix for certain usecases like ethercrab
+/// On our machines the 99.99th percentile of cycle times was very bad ~5-11 ms while ethercat is supposed to be in the microseconds
+/// After pinning the ethernet irq to the core that the ethercat code ran on 99.99th percentile went down to ~200us (microseconds)
+/// Example input: irq_name: "eno1" , cpu: 2
+/// Remember that cpu cores are counted from 0
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub fn set_irq_affinity(irq_name: &str, cpu: u32) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    let proc_contents = read_proc_interrupts()?;
+    let irq = get_interface_irq(&proc_contents, irq_name);
+    if irq.is_none() {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Couldnt find irq number!"));
+    }
+    let res = set_irq_affinity_raw(irq.unwrap(), &cpu.to_string());
+    if res.is_err() {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Couldnt write affinity list!"));
+    } else {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+}

control-core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
-pub mod actors;
 pub mod controllers;
 pub mod converters;
+pub mod downcast;
 pub mod ethercat;
-pub mod identification;
-pub mod machines;
+pub mod ethernet;
+pub mod futures;
+pub mod helpers;
+pub mod irq_handling;
 pub mod modbus;
-pub mod rest;
+pub mod realtime;
+pub mod serial;
 pub mod socketio;
+pub mod transmission;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "video-streaming")]
+pub mod video_streaming;

control-core/src/machines/api.rs

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-use crate::socketio::namespace::NamespaceInterface;
-use serde_json::Value;
-
-pub trait MachineApi {
-    fn api_mutate(&mut self, value: Value) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error>;
-    fn api_event_namespace(&mut self) -> &mut dyn NamespaceInterface;
-}

control-core/src/machines/mod.rs

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-use crate::actors::Actor;
-use api::MachineApi;
-use new::MachineNewTrait;
-use std::any::Any;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-
-pub mod api;
-pub mod new;
-pub mod registry;
-
-pub trait Machine: MachineNewTrait + MachineApi + Actor + Any + Debug {}

control-core/src/machines/new.rs

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-use super::Machine;
-use crate::identification::MachineDeviceIdentification;
-use anyhow::Error;
-use ethercat_hal::{devices::Device, types::EthercrabSubDevicePreoperational};
-use ethercrab::{SubDevice, SubDeviceRef};
-use smol::lock::RwLock;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-pub trait MachineNewTrait {
-    fn new<'maindevice, 'subdevices>(
-        identified_device_group: &Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-        subdevices: &'subdevices Vec<SubDeviceRef<'maindevice, &SubDevice>>,
-        devices: &Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn Device>>>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error>
-    where
-        Self: Sized;
-}
-
-pub type MachineNewFn = Box<
-    dyn Fn(
-            &Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-            &'_ Vec<SubDeviceRef<'_, &SubDevice>>,
-            &Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn Device>>>,
-        ) -> Result<Arc<RwLock<dyn Machine>>, Error>
-        + Send
-        + Sync,
->;
-
-// validates that all devices in the group have the same machine identification
-pub fn validate_same_machine_identification(
-    identified_device_group: &Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let machine_identification_unique = &identified_device_group
-        .first()
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "[{}::validate_same_machine_identification] No devices in group",
-                module_path!()
-            )
-        })?
-        .machine_identification_unique;
-    for device in identified_device_group.iter() {
-        if device.machine_identification_unique != *machine_identification_unique {
-            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "[{}::validate_same_machine_identification] Different machine identifications",
-                module_path!()
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// validates that every role is unique
-pub fn validate_no_role_dublicates(
-    identified_device_group: &Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let mut roles = vec![];
-    for device in identified_device_group.iter() {
-        if roles.contains(&device.role) {
-            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "[{}::validate_no_role_dublicates] Role dublicate",
-                module_path!(),
-            ));
-        }
-        roles.push(device.role);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// get a device with a device group
-pub fn get_mdi_by_role(
-    identified_device_group: &Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-    role: u16,
-) -> Result<&MachineDeviceIdentification, Error> {
-    for device in identified_device_group.iter() {
-        if device.role == role {
-            return Ok(device);
-        }
-    }
-    Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-        "[{}::get_mdi_by_role] Device not found",
-        module_path!(),
-    ))
-}
-
-pub fn get_device_by_index<'maindevice>(
-    devices: &Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn Device>>>,
-    subdevice_index: usize,
-) -> Result<Arc<RwLock<dyn Device>>, Error> {
-    Ok(devices
-        .get(subdevice_index)
-        .ok_or(anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "[{}::get_device_by_index] Index {} out of bounds for devices",
-            module_path!(),
-            subdevice_index
-        ))?
-        .clone())
-}
-
-pub fn get_subdevice_by_index<'subdevices, 'maindevice>(
-    subdevices: &'subdevices Vec<EthercrabSubDevicePreoperational<'maindevice>>,
-    subdevice_index: usize,
-) -> Result<&'subdevices EthercrabSubDevicePreoperational<'maindevice>, Error> {
-    Ok(subdevices.get(subdevice_index).ok_or(anyhow::anyhow!(
-        "Index {} out of bounds for subdevices",
-        subdevice_index
-    ))?)
-}

control-core/src/machines/registry.rs

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use super::{Machine, new::MachineNewFn};
-use crate::identification::{MachineDeviceIdentification, MachineIdentification};
-use anyhow::Error;
-use ethercat_hal::devices::Device;
-use ethercrab::{SubDevice, SubDeviceRef};
-use smol::lock::RwLock;
-use std::{
-    any::{Any, TypeId},
-    collections::HashMap,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
-
-pub struct MachineRegistry {
-    type_map: HashMap<TypeId, (MachineIdentification, MachineNewFn)>,
-}
-
-impl MachineRegistry {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            type_map: HashMap::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn register<T: Machine + 'static>(
-        &mut self,
-        machine_identficiation: MachineIdentification,
-    ) {
-        self.type_map.insert(
-            TypeId::of::<T>(),
-            (
-                machine_identficiation,
-                Box::new(|identified_device_group, subdevices, devices| {
-                    Ok(Arc::new(RwLock::new(T::new(
-                        identified_device_group,
-                        subdevices,
-                        devices,
-                    )?)))
-                }),
-            ),
-        );
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_machine(
-        &self,
-        identified_device_group: &Vec<MachineDeviceIdentification>,
-        subdevices: &'_ Vec<SubDeviceRef<'_, &SubDevice>>,
-        devices: &Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn Device>>>,
-    ) -> Result<Arc<RwLock<dyn Machine>>, anyhow::Error> {
-        // get machiine identification
-        let machine_identification = &identified_device_group
-            .first()
-            .ok_or(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "[{}::MachineConstructor::new_machine] No device in group",
-                module_path!()
-            ))?
-            .machine_identification_unique;
-
-        // find machine new function by comparing MachineIdentification
-        let (_, machine_new_fn) = self
-            .type_map
-            .values()
-            .find(|(mi, _)| mi == &MachineIdentification::from(machine_identification))
-            .ok_or(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "[{}::MachineConstructor::new_machine] Machine not found",
-                module_path!()
-            ))?;
-
-        // call machine new function by reference
-        (machine_new_fn)(identified_device_group, subdevices, devices)
-    }
-
-    pub fn downcast<T: Machine + 'static>(
-        &self,
-        machine: Arc<RwLock<dyn Machine>>,
-    ) -> Result<Arc<RwLock<T>>, Error> {
-        if TypeId::of::<T>() == machine.type_id() {
-            // transmute Arc
-            let arc = unsafe { Arc::from_raw(Arc::into_raw(machine) as *const RwLock<T>) };
-            Ok(arc)
-        } else {
-            Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "[{}::MachineConstructor::downcast] Machine is not of type {}",
-                module_path!(),
-                std::any::type_name::<T>()
-            ))
-        }
-    }
-}

control-core/src/modbus/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
+pub mod modbus_serial_interface;
+pub mod tcp;
 
 use anyhow::Error;
+use crc::{CRC_16_MODBUS, Crc};
+use serialport::SerialPort;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ParityType {
@@ -14,12 +18,66 @@ pub enum ParityType {
 pub enum ModbusFunctionCode {
     /// Read one or more Registers
     ReadHoldingRegister,
+    /// Read Input register
+    ReadInputRegister,
     /// write one Register Value
     PresetHoldingRegister,
     /// The response should echo back your request
     DiagnoseFunction,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum ModbusExceptionCode {
+    None = 0,
+    IllegalFunction = 1,
+    IllegalDataAddress = 2,
+    IllegalDataValue = 3,
+    SlaveDeviceFailure = 4,
+    Acknowledge = 5,
+    SlaveDeviceBusy = 6,
+    MemoryParityError = 8,
+    GatewayPathUnavailable = 10,
+    GatewayTargetDeviceFailedToRespond = 11,
+    Unknown(u8), // For any unknown exception codes
+}
+
+impl From<ModbusExceptionCode> for u8 {
+    fn from(code: ModbusExceptionCode) -> Self {
+        match code {
+            ModbusExceptionCode::None => 0,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::IllegalFunction => 1,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::IllegalDataAddress => 2,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::IllegalDataValue => 3,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::SlaveDeviceFailure => 4,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::Acknowledge => 5,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::SlaveDeviceBusy => 6,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::MemoryParityError => 8,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::GatewayPathUnavailable => 10,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::GatewayTargetDeviceFailedToRespond => 11,
+            ModbusExceptionCode::Unknown(code) => code,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<u8> for ModbusExceptionCode {
+    fn from(value: u8) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            0 => Self::None,
+            1 => Self::IllegalFunction,
+            2 => Self::IllegalDataAddress,
+            3 => Self::IllegalDataValue,
+            4 => Self::SlaveDeviceFailure,
+            5 => Self::Acknowledge,
+            6 => Self::SlaveDeviceBusy,
+            8 => Self::MemoryParityError,
+            10 => Self::GatewayPathUnavailable,
+            11 => Self::GatewayTargetDeviceFailedToRespond,
+            other => Self::Unknown(other),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ModbusRequest {
     pub slave_id: u8,
@@ -35,32 +93,15 @@ pub struct ModbusResponse {
     pub crc: u16,
 }
 
-impl ModbusResponse {
-    fn is_exception(self) -> bool {
-        if self.data.len() > 2 {
-            let function_code = self.data[1];
-            return (function_code & 0b10000000) > 0; // first bit is set when an exception happens in Modbus
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    fn get_exception_code(self) -> u8 {
-        if self.data.len() > 3 {
-            let exception = self.data[2];
-            return exception;
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
 impl TryFrom<u8> for ModbusFunctionCode {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn try_from(value: u8) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
-            0x03 => Ok(ModbusFunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegister),
-            0x06 => Ok(ModbusFunctionCode::PresetHoldingRegister),
-            0x08 => Ok(ModbusFunctionCode::DiagnoseFunction),
+            0x03 => Ok(Self::ReadHoldingRegister),
+            0x04 => Ok(Self::ReadInputRegister),
+            0x06 => Ok(Self::PresetHoldingRegister),
+            0x08 => Ok(Self::DiagnoseFunction),
             _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Error: Modbus Function Code doesnt exist!")),
         }
     }
@@ -70,6 +111,7 @@ impl From<ModbusFunctionCode> for u8 {
     fn from(value: ModbusFunctionCode) -> Self {
         match value {
             ModbusFunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegister => 0x03,
+            ModbusFunctionCode::ReadInputRegister => 0x04,
             ModbusFunctionCode::PresetHoldingRegister => 0x06,
             ModbusFunctionCode::DiagnoseFunction => 0x08,
         }
@@ -78,7 +120,7 @@ impl From<ModbusFunctionCode> for u8 {
 
 impl From<ModbusRequest> for Vec<u8> {
     fn from(request: ModbusRequest) -> Self {
-        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
+        let mut buffer = Self::new();
 
         buffer.push(request.slave_id);
         buffer.push(request.function_code.into()); // convert functioncode into u8 and push it
@@ -91,62 +133,89 @@ impl From<ModbusRequest> for Vec<u8> {
         // convert u16 value to le_bytes and add it to the end of the frame
         buffer.extend_from_slice(&result_crc.to_le_bytes());
 
-        return buffer;
+        buffer
     }
 }
+/// Reads data from a Modbus device via a serial port.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+/// - `port`: A mutable reference to a serial port.
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// A `Result` containing an `Option` with the raw Modbus response as a `Vec<u8>` if successful,
+/// or `None` if the response is invalid or an error occurs.
+pub fn receive_data_modbus(port: &mut dyn SerialPort) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, anyhow::Error> {
+    let mut buf: [u8; 256] = [0; 256];
+    let data_length = port.read(&mut buf)?;
+    if data_length == 0 {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    validate_modbus_response(buf[..data_length].to_vec()).map(Some)
+}
 
-fn validate_modbus_response(raw_data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    if raw_data.len() == 0 {
+/// Computes Modbus CRC-16 using `crc` crate.
+pub const fn modbus_crc16(data: &[u8]) -> u16 {
+    let modbus: Crc<u16> = Crc::<u16>::new(&CRC_16_MODBUS);
+    modbus.checksum(data)
+}
+
+/// Checks if the message's CRC is correct (uses Modbus CRC-16).
+fn check_crc(raw_data: &Vec<u8>) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+    let expected_crc = extract_crc(raw_data)?;
+    let actual_crc = modbus_crc16(&raw_data[..raw_data.len() - 2]);
+    Ok(expected_crc == actual_crc)
+}
+
+fn validate_modbus_response(raw_data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    if raw_data.is_empty() {
         return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Error: Response is Empty!"));
     }
+
     // 5 is the smallest possible Response Size
-    if raw_data.len() < 5 {
+    if raw_data.len() <= 5 {
         return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
             "Error: Response is invalid, its less than 5 bytes"
         ));
     }
 
+    // check if the slave id is valid
     if raw_data[0] < 1 || raw_data[0] > 247 {
         return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
             "Error: Response is invalid, slave_id is outside of the valid range 1-247"
         ));
     }
-    return Ok(());
+    if check_crc(&raw_data)? {
+        Ok(raw_data)
+    } else {
+        Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Error: CRC does not match"))
+    }
 }
 
 // expects to be given the entire raw message
 fn extract_crc(raw_data: &Vec<u8>) -> Result<u16, Error> {
-    let raw_data1 = raw_data.clone();
-    let result = validate_modbus_response(raw_data1);
-    if let Err(error) = result {
-        return Err(error);
+    if raw_data.len() < 5 {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Not enough data to extract CRC"));
     }
+
     let low_byte = raw_data[raw_data.len() - 2];
     let high_byte = raw_data[raw_data.len() - 1];
 
     let crc = u16::from_le_bytes([low_byte, high_byte]);
     Ok(crc)
 }
-
 impl TryFrom<Vec<u8>> for ModbusResponse {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
-    fn try_from(value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<ModbusResponse, Error> {
-        let crc = match extract_crc(&value) {
-            Ok(crc_value) => crc_value,
-            Err(err) => return Err(err),
-        };
+    fn try_from(value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let crc = extract_crc(&value)?;
 
         let function_code_res = ModbusFunctionCode::try_from(value[1]);
-        let function_code = match function_code_res {
-            Ok(code) => code,
-            Err(err) => return Err(err),
-        };
+        let function_code = function_code_res?;
 
-        Ok(ModbusResponse {
+        Ok(Self {
             slave_id: value[0],
-            function_code: function_code,
+            function_code,
             data: value[2..value.len() - 2].to_vec(), // get data without the crc
-            crc: crc,
+            crc,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -158,23 +227,23 @@ impl TryFrom<Vec<u8>> for ModbusResponse {
 /// machine_operation_delay_nano: Delay for the given operation in nanoseconds as specified by the slaves datasheet (example: mitsubishi csfr84 has 12ms for read write in RAM)
 /// baudrate: bits per second
 /// message_size: size of original message in bytes
-pub fn calculate_modbus_rtu_timeout(
+pub const fn calculate_modbus_rtu_timeout(
     bits: u8,
     machine_operation_delay_nano: Duration,
     baudrate: u32,
     message_size: usize,
 ) -> Duration {
     let nanoseconds_per_bit: u64 = (1000000 / baudrate) as u64;
-    let nanoseconds_per_byte: u64 = bits as u64 * nanoseconds_per_bit as u64;
+    let nanoseconds_per_byte: u64 = bits as u64 * nanoseconds_per_bit;
 
     let transmission_timeout: u64 = nanoseconds_per_byte * message_size as u64;
-    let silent_time: u64 = (nanoseconds_per_byte * (35)) / 10 as u64; // silent_time is 3.5x of character length,which is 11 bit for 8E1
+    let silent_time: u64 = (nanoseconds_per_byte * (35)) / 10_u64; // silent_time is 3.5x of character length,which is 11 bit for 8E1
 
     let mut full_timeout: u64 = transmission_timeout;
     full_timeout += machine_operation_delay_nano.as_nanos() as u64;
     full_timeout += silent_time;
 
-    return Duration::from_nanos(full_timeout);
+    Duration::from_nanos(full_timeout)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

control-core/src/modbus/modbus_serial_interface.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+use crate::modbus::{ModbusRequest, ModbusResponse};
+use ethercat_hal::io::serial_interface::{SerialEncoding, SerialInterface};
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct RequestMetaData {
+    priority: u32,
+    ignored_times: u32,
+    /// This is used when a machine for example takes 4ms to process the request
+    /// and is added ontop of the standard waiting time for a serial transfer
+    extra_delay: Option<u32>,
+    no_response_expected: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum State {
+    /// WaitingForResponse is set after sending a request through the serial_interface
+    WaitingForResponse,
+    /// After Sending a Request we need to wait atleast one ethercat cycle
+    /// After one Cycle we check if el6021 status has transmit accepted toggled
+    /// Then we can set state = ReadyToSend
+    WaitingForRequestAccept,
+    /// After Receiving a Response we need to wait atleast one ethercat cycle
+    /// After one Cycle we check if el6021 status has received accepted toggled
+    WaitingForReceiveAccept,
+    /// ReadyToSend is set after receiving the response from the serial_interface
+    ReadyToSend,
+    /// Initial State
+    Uninitialized,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ModbusSerialInterface {
+    serial_interface: SerialInterface,
+    baudrate: Option<u32>,
+    encoding: Option<SerialEncoding>,
+    response: Option<ModbusResponse>,
+    state: State,
+    last_message_size: usize,
+    last_message_delay: u32,
+    pub last_message_id: u32,
+    no_response_expected: bool,
+    request_map: HashMap<u32, ModbusRequest>,
+    request_metadata_map: HashMap<u32, RequestMetaData>,
+    last_ts: Instant,
+}
+
+impl ModbusSerialInterface {
+    pub fn new(serial_interface: SerialInterface) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            serial_interface,
+            baudrate: None,
+            encoding: None,
+            request_map: HashMap::new(),
+            request_metadata_map: HashMap::new(),
+            response: None,
+            last_message_size: 0,
+            last_message_delay: 0,
+            state: State::Uninitialized,
+            last_ts: Instant::now(),
+            last_message_id: 0,
+            no_response_expected: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn is_initialized(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self.state, State::Uninitialized)
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_request(
+        &mut self,
+        request_id: u32,
+        priority: u32,
+        request: ModbusRequest,
+        no_response_expected: bool,
+        delay: Option<u32>,
+    ) {
+        self.request_map.insert(request_id, request);
+        self.request_metadata_map
+            .entry(request_id)
+            .or_insert_with(|| RequestMetaData {
+                priority,
+                ignored_times: 0,
+                extra_delay: delay,
+                no_response_expected,
+            });
+    }
+
+    /// This is used internally to read the receive buffer of the el6021
+    async fn read_modbus_response(&mut self) -> Result<ModbusResponse, anyhow::Error> {
+        let raw_response = (self.serial_interface.read_message)()
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let response = ModbusResponse::try_from(raw_response)?;
+        self.last_message_size = response.data.len() + 4;
+        self.state = State::WaitingForReceiveAccept;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    /// This is used internally to fill the write buffer of the el6021 with the modbus request
+    /// Decides what requests to send first by finding the one with the highest priority
+    /// For example Highest Priority requests: ResetInverter StopMotor
+    async fn send_modbus_request(&mut self) {
+        if self.request_map.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let (highest_id, delay, no_response_expected) = self
+            .request_metadata_map
+            .iter_mut()
+            .map(|(key, value)| {
+                let effective_priority = value.priority + value.ignored_times;
+                (
+                    *key,
+                    effective_priority,
+                    value.extra_delay.unwrap_or(0),
+                    value.no_response_expected,
+                )
+            })
+            .max_by_key(|(_, priority, _, _)| *priority)
+            .map(|(key, _, delay, no_response)| (key, delay, no_response))
+            .unwrap(); // Safe because we checked is_empty() above
+
+        let request = &self.request_map[&highest_id];
+        let modbus_request: Vec<u8> = request.clone().into();
+
+        if let Err(_) = (self.serial_interface.write_message)(modbus_request.clone()).await {
+            tracing::error!("ERROR: serial_interface.write_message has failed");
+        } else {
+            self.last_message_delay = delay;
+            self.last_message_id = highest_id;
+            self.no_response_expected = no_response_expected;
+        }
+
+        self.state = State::WaitingForRequestAccept;
+        self.last_message_size = modbus_request.len();
+    }
+
+    pub async fn initialize_communication_settings(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let baudrate = (self.serial_interface.get_baudrate)().await;
+        let encoding = (self.serial_interface.get_serial_encoding)().await;
+
+        match (baudrate, encoding) {
+            (Some(b), Some(e)) => {
+                self.baudrate = Some(b);
+                self.encoding = Some(e);
+                true
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn initialize(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if matches!(self.state, State::Uninitialized) {
+            let success = (self.serial_interface.initialize)().await;
+            if success {
+                self.state = State::ReadyToSend;
+                self.initialize_communication_settings().await;
+            }
+            success
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn increment_ignored_times(&mut self) {
+        for metadata in self.request_metadata_map.values_mut() {
+            metadata.ignored_times += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Modbus RTU has silent time between frames that needs to be adhered to, if you send before silent_time is over between frames, then there will be lost frames
+    /// This silent time is needed to identify the start and end of messages
+    /// This function also takes into account the time that the slave we are talking to needs to process our request
+    /// bits: amount of bits sent per byte -> for a 8n1 coding: 8 data bits, 0 parity, 1 stop bit (1 start,1 stop) -> 10 bits
+    /// machine_operation_delay_nano: Delay for the given operation in nanoseconds as specified by the slaves datasheet (example: mitsubishi csfr84 has 12ms for read write in RAM)
+    /// baudrate: bits per second
+    /// message_size: size of original message in bytes
+    pub fn calculate_modbus_rtu_timeout(
+        &self,
+        machine_operation_delay: Duration,
+        message_size: usize,
+    ) -> Option<Duration> {
+        let baudrate = self.baudrate?;
+        let encoding = self.encoding?;
+
+        let nanoseconds_per_bit = 1_000_000_000 / baudrate as u64;
+        let nanoseconds_per_byte = encoding.total_bits() as u64 * nanoseconds_per_bit;
+
+        let transmission_timeout = nanoseconds_per_byte * message_size as u64;
+        let silent_time = (nanoseconds_per_byte * 35) / 10; // silent_time is 3.5x of character length
+
+        let total_timeout =
+            transmission_timeout + machine_operation_delay.as_nanos() as u64 + silent_time;
+        Some(Duration::from_nanos(total_timeout))
+    }
+
+    pub const fn get_response(&self) -> Option<&ModbusResponse> {
+        self.response.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn act(&mut self, now_ts: Instant) {
+        let elapsed = now_ts.duration_since(self.last_ts);
+
+        let timeout = self.calculate_modbus_rtu_timeout(
+            Duration::from_nanos(self.last_message_delay as u64),
+            self.last_message_size,
+        );
+
+        let Some(timeout) = timeout else { return };
+
+        // Check if we need to wait for timeout (except for specific states)
+        if !matches!(
+            self.state,
+            State::Uninitialized | State::WaitingForReceiveAccept | State::WaitingForRequestAccept
+        ) && elapsed < timeout
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.last_ts = now_ts;
+        self.response = None;
+
+        match self.state {
+            State::WaitingForResponse => match self.read_modbus_response().await {
+                Ok(response) => {
+                    self.response = Some(response);
+                }
+                Err(_) => {
+                    self.response = None;
+                    if self.no_response_expected {
+                        self.state = State::ReadyToSend;
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            State::ReadyToSend => {
+                self.send_modbus_request().await;
+
+                // Remove the sent request
+                self.request_map.remove(&self.last_message_id);
+                self.request_metadata_map.remove(&self.last_message_id);
+                self.increment_ignored_times();
+            }
+            State::WaitingForReceiveAccept => {
+                // Waste at least one Ethercat Cycle here to ensure that request/response stay in sync
+                self.state = State::ReadyToSend;
+            }
+            State::WaitingForRequestAccept => {
+                // An empty vec is used to check if we are finished with writing the message
+                // This is to keep the Serialinterface more simple
+                match (self.serial_interface.write_message)(vec![]).await {
+                    Ok(finished) if finished => {
+                        self.state = State::WaitingForResponse;
+                    }
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        self.state = State::ReadyToSend;
+                    }
+                    _ => {} // Still waiting
+                }
+            }
+            State::Uninitialized => {}
+        }
+    }
+}

control-core/src/modbus/tcp.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::io::ErrorKind;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use anyhow::bail;
+use smol::Timer;
+use smol::future::FutureExt;
+use smol::io;
+use smol::io::AsyncReadExt;
+use smol::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+use smol::net::TcpStream;
+
+const PROTOCOL_ID: u16 = 0;
+const UNIT_ID: u8 = 0;
+const READ_HOLDING_FUNCTION_CODE: u8 = 3;
+const WRITE_HOLDING_FUNCTION_CODE: u8 = 16;
+const READ_HOLDING_LENGTH: u16 = 6; // Unit ID 00 + Func Code 03 + Start Address XXXX + Quantity XXXX = 6 bytes
+const WRITE_HOLDING_LENGTH_WITHOUT_DATA: u16 = 7; // Unit ID 00 + Func Code 16 + Start Address XXXX + Quantity XXXX + Num Data Bytes XX = 7 bytes
+
+struct Packet {
+    buf: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Packet {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { buf: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_u8(&mut self, x: u8) {
+        self.buf.push(x);
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_u16(&mut self, x: u16) {
+        let buf = x.to_be_bytes();
+        self.buf.push(buf[0]);
+        self.buf.push(buf[1]);
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.buf
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ModbusTcpDevice {
+    stream: TcpStream,
+    transactions: u16,
+}
+
+impl Debug for ModbusTcpDevice {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self.stream.peer_addr() {
+            Ok(addr) => write!(f, "ModbusTcpDevice({:?})", addr),
+            Err(_) => std::fmt::Result::Err(std::fmt::Error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ModbusTcpDevice {
+    pub async fn new(addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<Self> {
+        let timeout = async {
+            Timer::after(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+            Err(io::Error::from(ErrorKind::TimedOut))
+        };
+
+        let stream = TcpStream::connect(addr)
+            .or(timeout)
+            .await
+            .context("Could not connect to modbus device!")?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            stream,
+            transactions: 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn read_and_check_responce_header(&mut self, func_code: u8) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.read_u16().await? != self.transactions {
+            bail!("Modbus device sent unexpected transaction id!");
+        }
+
+        if self.read_u16().await? != PROTOCOL_ID {
+            bail!("Modbus device sent unexpected protocol id!");
+        }
+
+        let length = self.read_u16().await?;
+        if length < 2 {
+            bail!("Modbus device will send too few bytes to understand the response!");
+        }
+
+        if self.read_u8().await? != UNIT_ID {
+            bail!("Modbus device sent unexpected unit id!");
+        }
+
+        let func_code_res = self.read_u8().await?;
+        if func_code != func_code_res {
+            let error_code = self.read_u8().await?;
+            bail!(
+                "Modbus device sent unexpected function code 0x{:x}! It probably encountered an error. Error code: 0x{:x}",
+                func_code_res,
+                error_code
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn send_read_holding_request(&mut self, addr: u16, count: u16) -> Result<u16> {
+        let mut packet = Packet::new();
+
+        self.transactions += 1;
+        packet.add_u16(self.transactions);
+        packet.add_u16(PROTOCOL_ID);
+        packet.add_u16(READ_HOLDING_LENGTH);
+
+        packet.add_u8(UNIT_ID);
+        packet.add_u8(READ_HOLDING_FUNCTION_CODE);
+
+        packet.add_u16(addr);
+        packet.add_u16(count);
+
+        self.send(packet).await?;
+        self.read_and_check_responce_header(READ_HOLDING_FUNCTION_CODE)
+            .await?;
+
+        let num_data_bytes = self.read_u8().await? as u16;
+        if count * 2 != num_data_bytes {
+            bail!(
+                "Modbus device wants to send only a portion of the requested range - UNIMPLEMENTED!"
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(num_data_bytes)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_holding_registers(&mut self, addr: u16, count: u16) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
+        self.send_read_holding_request(addr, count).await?;
+
+        let mut res: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
+        while res.len() < count as usize {
+            res.push(self.read_u16().await?);
+        }
+
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn set_holding_registers(&mut self, addr: u16, values: &[u16]) -> Result<()> {
+        let count = values.len();
+        let num_bytes = count * 2;
+        assert!(
+            count <= 128,
+            "Cannot send that many bytes to modbus device in one go! Trying to send {} bytes of data.",
+            num_bytes
+        );
+
+        let mut packet = Packet::new();
+
+        self.transactions += 1;
+        packet.add_u16(self.transactions);
+        packet.add_u16(PROTOCOL_ID);
+        packet.add_u16(WRITE_HOLDING_LENGTH_WITHOUT_DATA + num_bytes as u16);
+
+        packet.add_u8(UNIT_ID);
+        packet.add_u8(WRITE_HOLDING_FUNCTION_CODE);
+
+        packet.add_u16(addr);
+        packet.add_u16(count as u16);
+
+        packet.add_u8(num_bytes as u8);
+
+        for value in values {
+            packet.add_u16(value.to_owned());
+        }
+
+        self.send(packet).await?;
+        self.read_and_check_responce_header(WRITE_HOLDING_FUNCTION_CODE)
+            .await?;
+
+        if self.read_u16().await? != addr {
+            bail!("Modbus device wrote to wrong register address!");
+        }
+
+        if self.read_u16().await? != count as u16 {
+            bail!("Modbus device wrote wrong number of registers!");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_string<const N: usize>(&mut self, addr: u16) -> Result<String> {
+        assert!(N % 2 == 0, "Strings are always of even length!");
+        assert!(N <= 256, "Cannot read long strings in a single swoop!");
+        let count = N / 2;
+
+        self.send_read_holding_request(addr, count as u16).await?;
+        let buf = self.read_bytes::<N>().await?;
+
+        let s = String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf);
+        let s = match s.split_once('\0') {
+            None => s.to_string(),
+            Some((l, _)) => l.to_string(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(s)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn set_string<const N: usize>(&mut self, _addr: u16, s: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        assert!(s.len() <= N, "String is too long to fit!");
+
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_u16(&mut self, addr: u16) -> Result<u16> {
+        let length = self.send_read_holding_request(addr, 1).await?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            length, 2,
+            "Expected modbus device to send exactly 2 bytes of data!"
+        );
+
+        self.read_u16().await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_u32(&mut self, addr: u16) -> Result<u32> {
+        let length = self.send_read_holding_request(addr, 2).await?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            length, 4,
+            "Expected modbus device to send exactly 4 bytes of data!"
+        );
+
+        let buf = self.read_bytes::<4>().await?;
+        Ok(u32::from_be_bytes(buf))
+    }
+
+    // We have to send the request in a single packet,
+    // otherwise the device may fail to respond correctly.
+    async fn send(&mut self, packet: Packet) -> Result<()> {
+        self.stream
+            .write_all(packet.as_bytes())
+            .await
+            .context("Could write to modbus device!")
+    }
+
+    async fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8> {
+        let buf = self.read_bytes::<1>().await?;
+        Ok(u8::from_be_bytes(buf))
+    }
+
+    async fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16> {
+        let buf = self.read_bytes::<2>().await?;
+        Ok(u16::from_be_bytes(buf))
+    }
+
+    async fn read_bytes<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Result<[u8; N]> {
+        let mut buf = [0; N];
+        self.stream
+            .read_exact(&mut buf)
+            .await
+            .context("Could not read from modbus device!")?;
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+}

control-core/src/realtime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+use tracing::debug;
+use tracing::error;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+/// Makes the current thread a real-time thread using the PREEMPT_RT capabilities of Linux.
+///
+/// This function configures the current thread with real-time scheduling properties by:
+///
+/// 1. Setting the scheduling policy to SCHED_FIFO (First-In-First-Out), which is a real-time
+///    scheduling policy that allows the thread to run until it voluntarily yields, blocks on I/O,
+///    or is preempted by a higher-priority real-time thread.
+///
+/// 2. Setting the real-time priority to 80 (on a scale of 1-99, where higher values indicate
+///    higher priority). This priority level is chosen to be higher than most IRQ handlers
+///    (typically priority 50) but lower than critical kernel tasks (priority 99).
+///
+/// When running on a PREEMPT_RT patched Linux kernel, this combination provides deterministic
+/// scheduling with minimal latency, which is essential for real-time applications.
+///
+/// # Requirements
+///
+/// - The program must run with appropriate permissions to set real-time priorities.
+///   This typically means either:
+///   - Running as root
+///   - Configuring `/etc/security/limits.conf` to allow the user to set real-time priorities
+///
+/// - The system should be running a Linux kernel with PREEMPT_RT patch applied for
+///   optimal real-time performance.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// fn main() {
+///     // Lock memory to prevent page faults
+///     lock_memory();
+///     
+///     // Create a thread and make it real-time
+///     std::thread::spawn(|| {
+///         set_realtime_priority();
+///         
+///         // Real-time code here
+///     });
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// - `Ok(())` if the real-time priority was successfully set
+/// - `Err` with the error message if setting the priority failed
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub fn set_realtime_priority() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    use anyhow::anyhow;
+    use libc::{SCHED_FIFO, pthread_setschedparam, sched_param};
+    use std::mem;
+
+    unsafe {
+        // Get the pthread_t of the current thread using pthread_self()
+        let pthread_self = libc::pthread_self();
+
+        // Set up the scheduling parameters
+        let mut param: sched_param = mem::zeroed();
+        param.sched_priority = 95;
+
+        // Set the thread to use SCHED_FIFO scheduling policy with our priority
+        let result = pthread_setschedparam(pthread_self, SCHED_FIFO, &param);
+
+        if result != 0 {
+            error!(
+                "Failed to set real-time scheduling policy for thread \"{:?}\": {}",
+                std::thread::current().name().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+                std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+            );
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "Failed to set real-time priority: {}",
+                std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+            ));
+        } else {
+            debug!(
+                "Successfully set real-time priority for the thread \"{:?}\"",
+                std::thread::current().name().unwrap_or("unknown")
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+pub fn set_realtime_priority() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    tracing::error!("This platform does not support realtime threads");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Locks all current and future memory pages of the process into RAM to prevent page faults.
+///
+/// # When to call this function
+///
+/// This function should be called from the main thread, as early as possible in your program's
+/// execution, ideally before creating any threads and before allocating large amounts of memory.
+///
+/// Important: You only need to call this function ONCE per process, not in each thread.
+/// The memory locking applies to the entire process, including:
+/// - The main thread
+/// - All threads created after the call
+///
+/// This happens because all threads in a process share the same virtual memory space, and
+/// `mlockall()` operates on the entire process's memory space, not just the calling thread.
+///
+/// # Example: Correct usage
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+///     // Call early in main, before creating threads
+///     lock_memory()?;
+///     
+///     // Now create real-time threads...
+///     std::thread::spawn(|| {
+///         set_realtime_priority();
+///         // Real-time code here
+///     });
+///     
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Example: Incorrect usage
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// fn main() {
+///     // Don't do this - calling in each thread is unnecessary
+///     std::thread::spawn(|| {
+///         lock_memory().unwrap(); // Redundant if already called in main
+///         set_realtime_priority();
+///     });
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # How it works
+///
+/// [Rest of documentation as before...]
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub fn lock_memory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    use libc::{MCL_FUTURE, mlockall};
+
+    unsafe {
+        if mlockall(MCL_FUTURE) != 0 {
+            error!("Failed to lock memory: {}", std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+            return Err(
+                format!("Failed to lock memory: {}", std::io::Error::last_os_error()).into(),
+            );
+        } else {
+            debug!("Successfully locked memory for the process");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+pub fn lock_memory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    tracing::error!("This platform does not support memory locking");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn set_core_affinity(core_id: usize) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+    let cores = core_affinity::get_core_ids().unwrap_or_default();
+    let core = cores.get(core_id);
+    if let Some(core) = core {
+        core_affinity::set_for_current(*core);
+        debug!(
+            "Set core affinity of thread \"{:?}\" to core {:?}",
+            std::thread::current().name().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+            core
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        error!("No cores available to set affinity");
+        Err(anyhow::anyhow!("No cores available to set affinity"))
+    }
+}

control-core/src/rest/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod mutation;

control-core/src/rest/mutation.rs

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
-
-use crate::identification::MachineIdentificationUnique;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Clone)]
-pub struct MutationResponse {
-    pub success: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-impl MutationResponse {
-    pub fn success() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            success: true,
-            error: None,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn error(error: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            success: false,
-            error: Some(error),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
-pub struct MachineMutationBody<T> {
-    pub machine_identification_unique: MachineIdentificationUnique,
-    pub data: T,
-}

control-core/src/serial/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*use std::{any::Any, sync::Arc};
+
+use smol::lock::RwLock;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+use crate::machines::identification::DeviceIdentification;
+
+pub mod serial_detection;
+
+pub trait SerialDevice: Any + Send + Sync + SerialDeviceNew + Debug {}
+
+pub trait SerialDeviceNew {
+    fn new_serial(
+        params: &SerialDeviceNewParams,
+    ) -> Result<(DeviceIdentification, Arc<RwLock<Self>>), anyhow::Error>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+pub trait SerialDeviceThread {
+    fn start_thread() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error>;
+}
+
+pub struct SerialDeviceNewParams {
+    pub path: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug, Hash)]
+pub struct SerialDeviceIdentification {
+    pub vendor_id: u16,
+    pub product_id: u16,
+}
+*/

control-core/src/serial/serial_detection.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+*@author: Alisher Darmenov
+*@company: QiTech
+*@created: 20.04.2025
+*
+*@description: This module is responsible for usb detection and validation, specially made with serialport to avoid complexity and size of tokio_serial
+*/
+
+use serialport::{SerialPortInfo, SerialPortType, UsbPortInfo};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use super::SerialDeviceIdentification;
+/// Handles scanning and caching of connected USB serial devices.
+pub struct SerialDetection {}
+
+impl SerialDetection {
+    /// Returns all serial ports on the system (minus macOS "cu" noise).
+    fn get_ports() -> Vec<SerialPortInfo> {
+        match serialport::available_ports() {
+            Ok(ports) => ports
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|port| !port.port_name.contains("cu"))
+                .collect(),
+            Err(_) => Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts only USB serial devices from the port list.
+    fn extract_usb_serial_devices(port_list: Vec<SerialPortInfo>) -> HashMap<String, UsbPortInfo> {
+        let mut map = HashMap::new();
+
+        for port in port_list {
+            if let SerialPortType::UsbPort(usb_info) = port.port_type {
+                map.insert(port.port_name, usb_info);
+            }
+        }
+        map
+    }
+
+    /// Scans for connected USB serial devices and updates the internal map.
+    /// Returns a clone of the map for quick access.
+    pub fn detect_devices() -> HashMap<String, UsbPortInfo> {
+        let ports = Self::get_ports();
+        let usb_devices = Self::extract_usb_serial_devices(ports);
+        usb_devices
+    }
+
+    pub fn device_port_exists(device_path: &str) -> bool {
+        let ports = Self::get_ports();
+        return ports.iter().any(|p| p.port_name == device_path);
+    }
+
+    pub fn device_id_exists(sdevid: SerialDeviceIdentification) -> bool {
+        let ports = Self::get_ports();
+        for port in ports {
+            if let SerialPortType::UsbPort(usb_info) = port.port_type {
+                if usb_info.vid == sdevid.vendor_id && usb_info.pid == sdevid.product_id {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_path_by_id(
+        sdevid: SerialDeviceIdentification,
+        map: HashMap<String, UsbPortInfo>,
+    ) -> Option<String> {
+        for (port, usbport) in map.iter() {
+            if usbport.vid == sdevid.vendor_id && usbport.pid == sdevid.product_id {
+                return Some(port.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        return None;
+    }
+}

control-core/src/socketio/event.rs

@@ -1,64 +1,79 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
-use serde_json::Value;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+use erased_serde::Serialize as ErasedSerialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
 pub struct GenericEvent {
     pub name: String,
-    pub data: Value,
+    pub data: Box<dyn ErasedSerialize + Send + Sync>,
     /// Timestamp in milliseconds
-    pub ts: i64,
+    pub ts: u64,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for GenericEvent {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("GenericEvent")
+            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .field("data", &"[erased]")
+            .field("ts", &self.ts)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait BuildEvent: Serialize + Send + Sync + Clone {
+    fn build(&self) -> Event<Self>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct Event<T>
 where
-    T: Serialize,
+    T: Serialize + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
     pub name: String,
     pub data: T,
     /// Timestamp in milliseconds
-    pub ts: i64,
+    pub ts: u64,
 }
 
-impl<T> TryFrom<Event<T>> for GenericEvent
+impl<T> From<Event<T>> for GenericEvent
 where
-    T: Serialize,
+    T: Serialize + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
-    type Error = serde_json::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(event: Event<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(Self {
+    fn from(event: Event<T>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             name: event.name,
-            data: serde_json::to_value(event.data)?,
+            data: Box::new(event.data),
             ts: event.ts,
-        })
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> TryFrom<&Event<T>> for GenericEvent
+impl<T> From<&Event<T>> for GenericEvent
 where
-    T: Serialize,
+    T: Serialize + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
-    type Error = serde_json::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(event: &Event<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(Self {
+    fn from(event: &Event<T>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             name: event.name.clone(),
-            data: serde_json::to_value(&event.data)?,
+            data: Box::new(event.data.clone()),
             ts: event.ts,
-        })
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl<T> Event<T>
 where
-    T: Serialize + Clone,
+    T: Serialize + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
 {
     pub fn new(event: &str, data: T) -> Self {
         Self {
             name: event.to_string(),
             data,
-            ts: chrono::Utc::now().timestamp_millis(),
+            ts: SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap()
+                .as_millis() as u64,
         }
     }
 }

control-core/src/socketio/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 pub mod event;
 pub mod namespace;
-pub mod namespace_id;

control-core/src/socketio/namespace.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,64 @@
 use crate::socketio::event::GenericEvent;
+use smol::channel::Sender;
 use socketioxide::extract::SocketRef;
-use std::{collections::HashMap, time::Duration};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+use tracing::instrument;
 
-pub trait NamespaceInterface {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Namespace {
+    pub sockets: Vec<SocketRef>,
+    pub events: HashMap<String, Vec<Arc<GenericEvent>>>,
+    pub socket_queue_tx: Sender<(SocketRef, Arc<GenericEvent>)>,
+}
+
+impl Namespace {
+    pub fn new(socket_queue_tx: Sender<(SocketRef, Arc<GenericEvent>)>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            sockets: vec![],
+            events: HashMap::new(),
+            socket_queue_tx,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Namespace {
     /// Adds a socket to the namespace.
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
     /// * `socket` - A reference to the socket to be added
-    fn subscribe(&mut self, socket: SocketRef);
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn subscribe(&mut self, socket: SocketRef) {
+        // add the socket to the list
+        self.sockets.push(socket);
+    }
 
     /// Removes a socket from the namespace.
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
     /// * `socket` - A reference to the socket to be removed
-    fn unsubscribe(&mut self, socket: SocketRef);
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn unsubscribe(&mut self, socket: SocketRef) {
+        // remove the socket from the list
+        self.sockets.retain(|s| s.id != socket.id);
+    }
+
+    /// Disconnects all clients in the namespace.
+    ///
+    /// This will forcefully disconnect all sockets and clear the socket list.
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn disconnect_all(&mut self) {
+        tracing::info!("Disconnecting {} sockets in namespace", self.sockets.len());
+
+        // Disconnect each socket
+        for socket in &self.sockets {
+            let _ = socket.clone().disconnect(); // Ignore errors if socket is already disconnected
+        }
+
+        // Clear the socket list
+        self.sockets.clear();
+    }
 
     /// Re-emits cached events to a specific socket.
     ///
@@ -25,14 +68,23 @@ pub trait NamespaceInterface {
     /// # Arguments
     ///
     /// * `socket` - A reference to the socket that will receive the cached events
-    fn reemit(&mut self, socket: SocketRef);
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn reemit(&mut self, socket: SocketRef) {
+        // Collect events grouped by name/kind with their counts for sorting
+        let mut event_groups: Vec<(&String, &Vec<Arc<GenericEvent>>)> =
+            self.events.iter().collect();
 
-    /// Emits an event to all sockets in the namespace.
-    ///
-    /// # Arguments
-    ///
-    /// * `event` - The event to be emitted
-    fn emit(&mut self, event: &GenericEvent);
+        // Sort by event count (ascending - lowest count first)
+        event_groups.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.len().cmp(&b.1.len()));
+
+        // Emit events in order of lowest count first
+        for (_event_name, events) in event_groups {
+            for event in events {
+                // Send to global queue instead of per-socket queue
+                self.send_to_queue(&socket, event, "reemit");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     /// Caches an event with a specific key for later retrieval.
     ///
@@ -41,97 +93,81 @@ pub trait NamespaceInterface {
     /// * `cache_key` - A string key to identify the cache
     /// * `event` - The event to be cached
     /// * `buffer_fn` - A function that defines how the event should be added to the cache buffer
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
     fn cache(
         &mut self,
-        event: &GenericEvent,
-        buffer_fn: Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<GenericEvent>, &GenericEvent) -> ()>,
-    );
+        event: Arc<GenericEvent>,
+        buffer_fn: &Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<Arc<GenericEvent>>, &Arc<GenericEvent>)>,
+    ) {
+        let cached_events_for_key = self.events.entry(event.name.clone()).or_default();
+        buffer_fn(cached_events_for_key, &event);
+    }
 
     /// Emits an event to all sockets in the namespace and caches it.
     ///
-    /// This is a convenience method that combines the functionality of
-    /// [`Namespace::emit`] and [`Namespace::cache`].
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
     /// * `event` - The event to be emitted and cached
-    /// * `cache_key` - A string key to identify the cache
     /// * `buffer_fn` - A function that defines how the event should be added to the cache buffer
-    fn emit_cached(
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    pub fn emit(
         &mut self,
-        event: &GenericEvent,
-        buffer_fn: Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<GenericEvent>, &GenericEvent) -> ()>,
-    );
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Namespace {
-    sockets: Vec<SocketRef>,
-    events: HashMap<String, Vec<GenericEvent>>,
-}
-
-impl Namespace {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            sockets: vec![],
-            events: HashMap::new(),
+        event: Arc<GenericEvent>,
+        buffer_fn: &Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<Arc<GenericEvent>>, &Arc<GenericEvent>)>,
+    ) {
+        // cache the event
+        self.cache(event.clone(), buffer_fn);
+        // emit the event - inlined from emit function
+        // Send to global queue for each socket in the namespace
+        for socket in self.sockets.clone() {
+            self.send_to_queue(&socket, &event, "emit");
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl NamespaceInterface for Namespace {
-    fn subscribe(&mut self, socket: SocketRef) {
-        // add the socket to the list
-        self.sockets.push(socket.clone());
-    }
-
-    fn unsubscribe(&mut self, socket: SocketRef) {
-        // remove the socket from the list
-        self.sockets.retain(|s| s.id != socket.id);
-    }
-
-    fn reemit(&mut self, socket: SocketRef) {
-        for (_, events) in self.events.iter() {
-            log::debug!(
-                "Re-emitting {} {} events to socket {}",
-                events.len(),
-                events[0].name,
-                socket.id
-            );
-            for event in events.iter() {
-                let _ = socket.emit("event", &event);
+    /// Sends an event to the global queue for a specific socket.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `socket` - The socket to send the event to
+    /// * `event` - The event to be sent
+    /// * `operation` - A description of the operation for logging purposes (e.g., "reemit", "emit")
+    #[instrument(skip_all)]
+    fn send_to_queue(&self, socket: &SocketRef, event: &Arc<GenericEvent>, operation: &str) {
+        tracing::trace!(
+            socket_id = ?socket.id,
+            event = %event.name,
+            operation = %operation,
+            "Sending event to global queue"
+        );
+        match self
+            .socket_queue_tx
+            .try_send((socket.clone(), event.clone()))
+        {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                tracing::trace!(
+                    socket_id = ?socket.id,
+                    event = %event.name,
+                    operation = %operation,
+                    "Successfully sent event to global queue"
+                );
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::error!(
+                    socket_id = ?socket.id,
+                    event = %event.name,
+                    operation = %operation,
+                    error = %e,
+                    "Failed to send event to global queue"
+                );
             }
         }
     }
+}
 
-    fn emit(&mut self, event: &GenericEvent) {
-        for socket in self.sockets.iter() {
-            let _ = socket.emit("event", &event);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn cache(
-        &mut self,
-        event: &GenericEvent,
-        buffer_fn: Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<GenericEvent>, &GenericEvent) -> ()>,
-    ) {
-        let mut cached_events_for_key = self
-            .events
-            .entry(event.name.clone())
-            .or_insert_with(Vec::new);
-        buffer_fn(&mut cached_events_for_key, event);
-    }
-
-    fn emit_cached(
-        &mut self,
-        event: &GenericEvent,
-        buffer_fn: Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<GenericEvent>, &GenericEvent) -> ()>,
-    ) {
-        // cache the event
-        self.cache(event, buffer_fn);
-
-        // emit the event
-        self.emit(event);
+impl Drop for Namespace {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        //self.disconnect_all();
     }
 }
 
@@ -143,17 +179,17 @@ pub trait NamespaceCacheingLogic<V>
 where
     V: CacheableEvents<V>,
 {
-    fn emit_cached(&mut self, event: V);
+    fn emit(&mut self, event: V);
 }
 
 pub trait CacheableEvents<Events> {
-    fn event_value(&self) -> Result<GenericEvent, serde_json::Error>;
+    fn event_value(&self) -> GenericEvent;
     fn event_cache_fn(&self) -> CacheFn;
 }
 
-pub type CacheFn = Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<GenericEvent>, &GenericEvent) -> ()>;
+pub type CacheFn = Box<dyn Fn(&mut Vec<Arc<GenericEvent>>, &Arc<GenericEvent>)>;
 
-/// [BufferFn] that stores the last n events
+/// [`BufferFn`] that stores the last n events
 pub fn cache_n_events(n: usize) -> CacheFn {
     Box::new(move |events, event| {
         if events.len() >= n {
@@ -163,20 +199,54 @@ pub fn cache_n_events(n: usize) -> CacheFn {
     })
 }
 
-/// [BufferFn] that stores only one event
+/// [`BufferFn`] that stores only one event
 pub fn cache_one_event() -> CacheFn {
     cache_n_events(1)
 }
 
-/// [BufferFn] that stores events for a certain duration
-pub fn cache_duration(duration: Duration) -> CacheFn {
+/// [`BufferFn`] that stores first and last event
+///
+/// The primary use case of this function is to cache both the default state of a machine, which should be emitted first,
+/// and the last event, which is the most recent state of the machine.
+pub fn cache_first_and_last_event() -> CacheFn {
     Box::new(move |events, event| {
-        let now = chrono::Utc::now();
-        let cutoff_time = now - chrono::Duration::from_std(duration).unwrap_or_default();
-        let cutoff_millis = cutoff_time.timestamp_millis();
+        // if the events length 0 or 1, we just push the event
+        if events.is_empty() || events.len() == 1 {
+            events.push(event.clone());
+            return;
+        }
+        // if the event length is 2 we remove the last event and append a new one
+        if events.len() == 2 {
+            events.remove(1);
+            events.push(event.clone());
+        }
+    })
+}
 
+/// [`BufferFn`] that stores events for a certain duration
+pub fn cache_duration(duration: Duration, bucket_size: Duration) -> CacheFn {
+    Box::new(move |events, event| {
+        // Use event.ts instead of system time
+        let current_time = event.ts as u128;
+
+        // calculate current bucket & last bucket
+        let bucket_size_ms = bucket_size.as_millis().max(1);
+        let bucket = current_time / bucket_size_ms; // Avoid division by zero
+        let last_bucket = match events.last() {
+            Some(last_event) => last_event.ts as u128 / bucket_size_ms,
+            None => 0,
+        };
+
+        // if the bucket is not larger we early exit
+        if bucket <= last_bucket {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Remove old events
         // Since events are ordered by increasing ts, we can find the first index
         // that should be kept and truncate everything before it
+        let cutoff_time = current_time.saturating_sub(duration.as_millis());
+        let cutoff_millis = cutoff_time as u64;
         if let Some(keep_idx) = events.iter().position(|evt| evt.ts >= cutoff_millis) {
             events.drain(0..keep_idx);
         } else if !events.is_empty() {
@@ -184,6 +254,108 @@ pub fn cache_duration(duration: Duration) -> CacheFn {
             events.clear();
         }
 
+        // Add event
         events.push(event.clone());
     })
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::cmp::min;
+
+    use serde::Serialize;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+    struct TestEventData {
+        value: usize,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cache_n_events() {
+        // Create a cache function that stores the last 2 events
+        let cache_fn = cache_n_events(2);
+
+        // Create namespace with dummy queue_tx
+        let (queue_tx, _queue_rx) = smol::channel::unbounded();
+        let mut namespace = Namespace::new(queue_tx);
+        assert!(namespace.events.is_empty());
+
+        // Add event
+        let event1 = Arc::new(GenericEvent {
+            name: "test_event".to_string(),
+            data: Box::new(TestEventData { value: 1 }),
+            ts: 0,
+        });
+        namespace.cache(event1, &cache_fn);
+
+        // Check that we have one event name in the map
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.len(), 1);
+        // Check that we have one event under that name
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap().len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap()[0].ts, 0);
+
+        // Add another event
+        let event2 = Arc::new(GenericEvent {
+            name: "test_event".to_string(),
+            data: Box::new(TestEventData { value: 2 }),
+            ts: 1,
+        });
+        namespace.cache(event2, &cache_fn);
+
+        // Still one event name
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.len(), 1);
+        // But now two events under that name
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap().len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap()[0].ts, 0);
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap()[1].ts, 1);
+
+        // Add a third event, which should remove the first one
+        let event3 = Arc::new(GenericEvent {
+            name: "test_event".to_string(),
+            data: Box::new(TestEventData { value: 3 }),
+            ts: 2,
+        });
+        namespace.cache(event3, &cache_fn);
+
+        // Still one event name
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.len(), 1);
+        // Still two events under that name (because of the limit)
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap().len(), 2);
+        // But now the events should be the second and third ones
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap()[0].ts, 1);
+        assert_eq!(namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap()[1].ts, 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    /// duration: 10 seconds, bucket_size: 1 second
+    /// use a for loop that tries to add an event every 100ms
+    fn test_cache_duration() {
+        // Create a cache function that stores events for 10 seconds
+        let duration = Duration::new(10, 0);
+        let bucket_size = Duration::new(1, 0);
+        let cache_fn = cache_duration(duration, bucket_size);
+        let (queue_tx, _queue_rx) = smol::channel::unbounded();
+
+        // Create namespace
+        let mut namespace = Namespace::new(queue_tx);
+        assert!(namespace.events.is_empty());
+
+        // Add events every 100ms for 20 seconds
+        for i in 0..200 {
+            let event = Arc::new(GenericEvent {
+                name: "test_event".to_string(),
+                data: Box::new(TestEventData { value: i }),
+                ts: (i * 100) as u64,
+            });
+            namespace.cache(event, &cache_fn);
+
+            let should_have_events = min(i / 10, 11);
+            assert_eq!(
+                namespace.events.get("test_event").unwrap().len(),
+                should_have_events
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}

control-core/src/transmission/fixed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use crate::transmission::Transmission;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct FixedTransmission {
+    ratio: f64,
+}
+
+impl Transmission for FixedTransmission {
+    fn get_ratio(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.ratio
+    }
+}
+
+impl FixedTransmission {
+    /// Creates a new FixedTransmission with the specified ratio.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `ratio` - The transmission ratio (output over input).
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// A new instance of FixedTransmission.
+    pub const fn new(ratio: f64) -> Self {
+        Self { ratio }
+    }
+}

control-core/src/transmission/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+use units::{
+    angle::radian,
+    angular_velocity::radian_per_second,
+    f64::{Angle, AngularVelocity, Length, Velocity},
+    length::meter,
+    velocity::meter_per_second,
+};
+
+pub mod fixed;
+
+/// A trait representing a mechanical transmission system that converts input to output
+/// with a specific gear ratio.
+///
+/// This trait provides methods for working with transmission ratios and converting
+/// between input and output values based on the transmission's gear ratio.
+pub trait Transmission {
+    /// Returns the transmission ratio of this transmission system.
+    ///
+    /// The ratio represents the relationship between input and output speeds/torques.
+    /// A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates speed reduction (torque multiplication),
+    /// while a ratio less than 1.0 indicates speed increase (torque reduction).
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// The transmission ratio as a floating-point number.
+    fn get_ratio(&self) -> f64;
+
+    /// Converts an input value to the corresponding output value using the transmission ratio.
+    ///
+    /// This method multiplies the input by the transmission ratio to calculate the output.
+    /// Typically used for converting input speed to output speed in a transmission system.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `input` - The input value to be converted
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// The output value after applying the transmission ratio.
+    fn calculate_output(&self, input: f64) -> f64 {
+        input * self.get_ratio()
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an output value to the corresponding input value using the transmission ratio.
+    ///
+    /// This method divides the output by the transmission ratio to calculate the required input.
+    /// Typically used for determining what input is needed to achieve a desired output.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `output` - The output value to be converted back to input
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// The input value required to produce the given output.
+    fn calculate_input(&self, output: f64) -> f64 {
+        output / self.get_ratio()
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_angular_output(&self, input: Angle) -> Angle {
+        Angle::new::<radian>(self.calculate_output(input.get::<radian>()))
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_angular_input(&self, output: Angle) -> Angle {
+        Angle::new::<radian>(self.calculate_input(output.get::<radian>()))
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_angular_velocity_output(&self, input: AngularVelocity) -> AngularVelocity {
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(
+            self.calculate_output(input.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_angular_velocity_input(&self, output: AngularVelocity) -> AngularVelocity {
+        AngularVelocity::new::<radian_per_second>(
+            self.calculate_input(output.get::<radian_per_second>()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_linear_output(&self, input: Length) -> Length {
+        Length::new::<meter>(self.calculate_output(input.get::<meter>()))
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_linear_input(&self, output: Length) -> Length {
+        Length::new::<meter>(self.calculate_input(output.get::<meter>()))
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_linear_velocity_output(&self, input: Velocity) -> Velocity {
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(self.calculate_output(input.get::<meter_per_second>()))
+    }
+
+    fn calculate_linear_velocity_input(&self, output: Velocity) -> Velocity {
+        Velocity::new::<meter_per_second>(self.calculate_input(output.get::<meter_per_second>()))
+    }
+}

control-core/src/video_streaming/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+use anyhow::Error;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use tokio::sync::broadcast;
+
+/// Video stream manager that handles multiple video streams per machine with true broadcasting
+/// Uses tokio broadcast channels to ensure all subscribers receive all messages without stealing
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VideoStreamManager {
+    /// Each stream has its own broadcast transmitter and template receiver
+    streams: HashMap<String, (broadcast::Sender<Vec<u8>>, broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>)>,
+}
+
+impl VideoStreamManager {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            streams: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Send a frame to all subscribers of a stream
+    /// Returns Ok if the frame was sent, Err if the stream doesn't exist
+    pub fn send_frame(&self, stream_id: &str, frame: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if let Some((tx, _rx)) = self.streams.get(stream_id) {
+            match tx.send(frame) {
+                Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+                Err(_) => Ok(()), // No receivers, but that's not an error
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Stream '{}' not found", stream_id))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Register a new video stream with the given ID
+    pub fn add_stream(&mut self, stream_id: String) {
+        let (tx, rx) = broadcast::channel::<Vec<u8>>(256); // 256 frame buffer capacity
+        self.streams.insert(stream_id, (tx, rx));
+    }
+
+    /// Get list of available stream IDs
+    pub fn get_streams(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.streams.keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a stream exists
+    pub fn has_stream(&self, stream_id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.streams.contains_key(stream_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a stream and all its subscribers
+    pub fn remove_stream(&mut self, stream_id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.streams.remove(stream_id).is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Subscribe to a video stream and get a receiver
+    /// Returns the receiver for the new subscription
+    pub fn subscribe_to_stream(&self, stream_id: &str) -> Option<broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>> {
+        self.streams
+            .get(stream_id)
+            .map(|(_tx, rx)| rx.resubscribe()) // Resubscribe to create a new independent receiver
+    }
+
+    /// Get subscriber count for a stream
+    pub fn get_subscriber_count(&self, stream_id: &str) -> usize {
+        self.streams
+            .get(stream_id)
+            .map_or(0, |(tx, _rx)| tx.receiver_count())
+    }
+
+    /// Get a stream transmitter for sending frames (used by machines to send video)
+    /// Returns None if the stream doesn't exist
+    pub fn get_sender(&self, stream_id: &str) -> Option<broadcast::Sender<Vec<u8>>> {
+        self.streams.get(stream_id).map(|(tx, _rx)| tx.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for VideoStreamManager {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_video_stream_manager() {
+        let mut manager = VideoStreamManager::new();
+
+        // Register streams
+        manager.register_stream("camera1".to_string());
+        manager.register_stream("camera2".to_string());
+
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_stream_ids().len(), 2);
+        assert!(manager.has_stream("camera1"));
+        assert!(manager.has_stream("camera2"));
+        assert!(!manager.has_stream("camera3"));
+
+        // Subscribe to streams
+        let mut rx1 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("camera1").unwrap();
+        let mut rx2 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("camera1").unwrap();
+        let mut rx3 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("camera2").unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_subscriber_count("camera1"), 3); // Original + 2 clones
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_subscriber_count("camera2"), 2); // Original + 1 clone
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_subscriber_count("nonexistent"), 0);
+
+        // Send frames
+        let frame1 = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
+        let frame2 = vec![5, 6, 7, 8];
+
+        assert!(manager.send_single_frame("camera1", frame1.clone()));
+        assert!(manager.send_single_frame("camera2", frame2.clone()));
+        assert!(!manager.send_single_frame("nonexistent", vec![]));
+
+        // Both camera1 subscribers should receive the frame
+        assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), frame1);
+        assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), frame1);
+
+        // Camera2 subscriber should receive its frame
+        assert_eq!(rx3.recv().await.unwrap(), frame2);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_video_frame_broadcasting() {
+        let mut manager = VideoStreamManager::new();
+        manager.register_stream("main_camera".to_string());
+
+        // Multiple clients subscribe to the same camera
+        let mut rx1 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("main_camera").unwrap();
+        let mut rx2 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("main_camera").unwrap();
+        let mut rx3 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("main_camera").unwrap();
+
+        // Simulate video frames
+        let frames = vec![
+            vec![0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0], // JPEG header
+            vec![0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03], // Frame 1
+            vec![0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07], // Frame 2
+        ];
+
+        for frame in &frames {
+            assert!(manager.send_single_frame("main_camera", frame.clone()));
+        }
+
+        // All clients should receive all frames in order
+        for frame in &frames {
+            assert_eq!(rx1.recv().await.unwrap(), *frame);
+            assert_eq!(rx2.recv().await.unwrap(), *frame);
+            assert_eq!(rx3.recv().await.unwrap(), *frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_stream_management() {
+        let mut manager = VideoStreamManager::new();
+
+        // Initially no streams
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_stream_ids().len(), 0);
+
+        // Add streams
+        manager.register_stream("front_camera".to_string());
+        manager.register_stream("rear_camera".to_string());
+        manager.register_stream("side_camera".to_string());
+
+        let mut stream_ids = manager.get_stream_ids();
+        stream_ids.sort(); // Sort for consistent testing
+        assert_eq!(
+            stream_ids,
+            vec!["front_camera", "rear_camera", "side_camera"]
+        );
+
+        // Remove a stream
+        assert!(manager.remove_stream("rear_camera"));
+        assert!(!manager.remove_stream("rear_camera")); // Already removed
+        assert!(!manager.has_stream("rear_camera"));
+
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_stream_ids().len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_send_frame_results() {
+        let mut manager = VideoStreamManager::new();
+        manager.register_stream("test_camera".to_string());
+
+        // One initial receiver (the original one created in register_stream)
+        let result = manager.send_frame("test_camera", vec![1, 2, 3]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, 1); // Number of subscribers
+
+        // Add subscribers by cloning the receiver
+        let _rx1 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("test_camera").unwrap();
+        let _rx2 = manager.subscribe_to_stream("test_camera").unwrap();
+
+        // Send frame to multiple subscribers (original + 2 clones = 3 total)
+        let result = manager.send_frame("test_camera", vec![4, 5, 6]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, 3); // Number of subscribers
+
+        // Try sending to non-existent stream
+        let result = manager.send_frame("nonexistent", vec![7, 8, 9]);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err(), "Stream 'nonexistent' not found");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_video_stream_manager() {
+        let manager = VideoStreamManager::default();
+        assert_eq!(manager.get_stream_ids().len(), 0);
+    }
+}